Chapter 2 Psychology
Klinefelter syndrome
A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome making them XXY instead of XY
XYY syndrome
A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra Y chromosome
Down Syndrome
A chromosomal transmitted form of intellectual disability, caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Turner syndrome
A chromosome disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or the second X chromosome is partially deleted
DNA
A complex molecule that contains genetic information
pthenylketonuria
A genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize an amino acid. PKU is now easily detected but if left untreated, results in intellectual disability and hyperactivity
fragile X syndrome
A genetic disorder involving an abnormality in the X chromosome which becomes constricted and often breaks
sickle-cell anemia
A genetic disorder that affects the red blood cells and occurs most often in people of African descent.
genotype
A person's genetic heritage; the actual genetic material present in each cell
zygote
A single cell formed through fertilization
meiosis
A specialized form of cell division that forms eggs and sperm (also known as gametes)
fertilization
A stage in reproduction during which an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote
adoption study
A study in which investigators seek to discover whether in behavior and psychological characteristics, adopted children are more like their adoptive parents
twin study
A study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins
Evolutionary psychology
Branch of psychology that emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior
active(niche-packing)genotype-environment correlations
Correlations that exist when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating
evocative genotype-environment correlations
Correlations that exist when the child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.
passive-genotype-environment correlations
Correlations that exist when the natural parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.
shared environmental experiences
Siblings common environmental experiences, such as their parents' personalities and intellectual orientation, the family's socioeconomic status and the neighborhood in which they live
non shared-environmental experiences
The child's own unique experiences, both within the family and outside the family, that are not shared by another sibling
behavior genetics
The field that seeks to discover the influence of hereditary and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.
gene x environment (GXE) interaction
The interaction of a specific, measured variation in the DNA and a specific, measured aspect of the environment.
phenotype
The way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics
epigenetic view
Theory that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between hereditary and the environment
Chromosomes
Threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, with one member of each pair coming from each parent. Chromosomes contain the genetic substance DNA
mitosis
cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed, each containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes
Anastasi, Anne
heritability & environment.
genes
units of hereditary information composed of DNA. Genes help cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life
