Chapter 2 Psychology

Klinefelter syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome making them XXY instead of XY

XYY syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra Y chromosome

Down Syndrome

A chromosomal transmitted form of intellectual disability, caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Turner syndrome

A chromosome disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or the second X chromosome is partially deleted

DNA

A complex molecule that contains genetic information

pthenylketonuria

A genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize an amino acid. PKU is now easily detected but if left untreated, results in intellectual disability and hyperactivity

fragile X syndrome

A genetic disorder involving an abnormality in the X chromosome which becomes constricted and often breaks

sickle-cell anemia

A genetic disorder that affects the red blood cells and occurs most often in people of African descent.

genotype

A person's genetic heritage; the actual genetic material present in each cell

zygote

A single cell formed through fertilization

meiosis

A specialized form of cell division that forms eggs and sperm (also known as gametes)

fertilization

A stage in reproduction during which an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote

adoption study

A study in which investigators seek to discover whether in behavior and psychological characteristics, adopted children are more like their adoptive parents

twin study

A study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins

Evolutionary psychology

Branch of psychology that emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior

active(niche-packing)genotype-environment correlations

Correlations that exist when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating

evocative genotype-environment correlations

Correlations that exist when the child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.

passive-genotype-environment correlations

Correlations that exist when the natural parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.

shared environmental experiences

Siblings common environmental experiences, such as their parents' personalities and intellectual orientation, the family's socioeconomic status and the neighborhood in which they live

non shared-environmental experiences

The child's own unique experiences, both within the family and outside the family, that are not shared by another sibling

behavior genetics

The field that seeks to discover the influence of hereditary and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.

gene x environment (GXE) interaction

The interaction of a specific, measured variation in the DNA and a specific, measured aspect of the environment.

phenotype

The way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics

epigenetic view

Theory that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between hereditary and the environment

Chromosomes

Threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, with one member of each pair coming from each parent. Chromosomes contain the genetic substance DNA

mitosis

cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed, each containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes

Anastasi, Anne

heritability & environment.

genes

units of hereditary information composed of DNA. Genes help cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life