Chapter 2
Humanistic Approach -____'s contributions include the acceptance theory of auhority
(Chester I.) Barnard
HUmanistic Approach ______ emphasized worker participation and empowerment, shared goals, and faciliatitng rather than controlling employees
(Mary Parker) Follet
the struggle to balance "the things of production" with the "humanity of production" has continues from the ______ till now
19th century
bureaucratic organizations approach
Emphasizes management on an impersonal, rational basis through elements such as clearly defined authority and responsibility, formal recordkeeping, and separation of management and ownership.
Division of work means that similar activities in an organization should be grouped together under one manager.
False - I(Division of work means that managerial work and technical work are amenable to specialization to produce more and better work with the same amount of effort. This is one of the 14 general principles of management by Henry Fayol.)
which series of studies at a chicago electric company changed all the early work on industrial psychology & personell selection?
Hawthorne studies (1927)
Who created Administrative Principles Approach
Henri Fayol
Who were early advocates for a more humanistic approach to management?
Mary Parker Follet,Chester I Barnard
who introduced most of the concepts of bureaucreatic organizations
Max Weber
-"applying science to work" -saw customized, self-styled work as a serious productivity problem -popularized Time & Motion Studies -Wanted to find the "one right way" -reduce amount of time -reduce the number of motions (bricklaying study)
Scientific management - Fredreick Taylor
Which of the following statements is true of a bossless work environment?
accountability is to the customer and the team rather than the manager
Spaulding/Fayol -there must be a reliable system for acquiring and training the best employees
adequate manpower
Spaulding/Fayol -There shoul dbe a manager who has the responsibility and authority to decide on every fundamental issue
authority and responsibility
Charles Clinton Spaulding, "father of African-American Managment", outlined eight "fundamental necessitiees", many of which were later addressed by Fayol. For example:
authority and responsibility, division of labor, adequate manpower, cooperation and teamwork
many current management ideas and practices can be trades to the
behavioral science approach
Online dating Web sites such as eHarmony and Match.com sift through huge amounts of information to compare millions of people across hundreds of different variables and make matches for users in a matter of minutes, sending new matches out on a daily basis. This is an example of:
big data analytics
two ideas related to a people-driven workplace are the:
bossless work environment, employee engagement
-Organization should look like the Government & legal system -A "legal-rational" approach -Not traditional, family-based leadership -not charisma based leadership -one's authority should be tied to the official position he or she occupies -clear rules should govern performance -standarized guidelines should determine hiring & firing -against favoristim or particularlism
bureaucracy organizations approach, Max Weber
According to Max Weber, rationality in firms means employee selection and advancement based not on whom you know, but rather on competence and technical qualifications, which are assessed by examination or according to specific training and experience. This forms the basis of the _____ approach of the classical perspective of management thinking.
bureaucratic organizations
A systematic approach developed in Europe that looks at the organization as a whole is the ________, a subfield with the classical perspective
bureaucratic organizations approach
The _____ ______ tells managers that what works in one organizational situation might not work in others. Managers can identify important contingencies that help guide their decisions regarding the organization
contingency view
The _____ states that management principles are not universal and that managers learn them by experiencing a large number of case problem situations.
contingency view
Spaulding/Fayol -Cooperation, unity and regular communication among managers is essential.
cooperation and teamwork
just as contended cows give more milk, statisfied workers will produce more work
diary farm view of management
Spaulding/Fayol -departmental divisions should function separately under the direction of managers
division of labor
classical perspective
early study of management as we know it today was called
classical managment theories fathers
fayol, weber, taylor
whereas scientific management focuses on the productivity of the individual worker, the `administrative principles approach
focuses on the total organization
father of scientific management
fredrick w taylor
3 elements scientific approach
general approach, contributions, criticisms
Quants
have come to dominate decision making in financial firms, and the Wall Street meltdown in 2007-2008 shows the danger of relying too heavily on a quantitative approach
studies with the lighting & effieciency
hawthorne studies
stresses the statisfaction of employees basic needs as the key to increased productivity
human relations movement
this school of thought recognized and directly responded to social pressures for enlightened treatment of employees
human relations movement
3 primary subfields based on the humanistic perspective:
human relations, human resources, behavioral science
in the ___ ______ view, jobs should be designed so that tasks are not percieved as dehumanizing or demaning but instead allow workers to use their full potential
human resource perspective
suggests that jobs should be designed to meet people's higher level needs by allowing employees to use their full potential
human resource perspective
management and organizations are shaped by forces in the
larger society
human resources perspective
maintained an interest in in worked participation and considerate leadership but shifted the emphasis to considering the daily tasks that people perform. It combines prescriptions for design of jon tasks with theories of motivations.
focus on humanity of production
management focus is on meeting human needs for greater motiation and engagement to incrase effectiveness/
focus on things of production
management focus is on production efficiency via orgaqnization deign and workflow systems and control
The use of mathematical tools such as the application of linear programming for optimizing operations and the statistical process control for quality management is a characteristic of the _____ approach of the classical perspective of management thinking.
management science
the Walt Disney Comapny uses _____ _______ to solve problems for long lines for popiular rides and attractions at its theme parks
management science
Managment science became popular based on its succesful application in solving
military problems during world war 2
henri fayol's 5 functions of managers
planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, controlling
classical perspective
primary focus on the things of production
management science is also referred to as the
quantitative perspective
Henri Fayol -A chain of authority extends from the top of the bottom of the organization and should include every employee
scalar chain
Frederick Winslow Taylor proposed that "workers could be retooled like machines, their phyical and mental gears recalibrated for productivity" whcih management?
scientific management
Jason is the new manager of a local retail store. He is in charge of all the activities that take place at the store. During the first two weeks after joining, Jason carefully monitors each employee's tasks and the time spent on performing each of those tasks. He then organizes the tasks and activities into work groups, standardizes the procedures involved, and allocates a time limit for each work group and procedure. Jason informs his employees that their wage incentives will directly reflect their adherence to the new standards. In this case, Jason's actions are consistent with the ideologies of _____.
scientific management
The Gantt chart, a bar graph that measures planned and completed work along each stage of production by time elapsed, is a tool developed and used in the _____ approach of the classical perspective of management thinking.
scientific management
managers are always on the lookout for new techniques and approached to meet
shifting organizational needs
___ _______ refers to using social media technologies for interacting with and facilitating communication and collaboration among employees, customers, and other stakeholders.
social business
Brendan works as a shift manager at an automobile company. His job is to ensure that employees complete assembling daily orders. He monitors the employees' time sheets very closely and pulls them up for any tardiness. He enforces strict rules and reports every incident to his higher-ups. Which of the following forms of management thinking is Brendan applying?
theory x
assumes that the average human being learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but to seek responsibility.
theory y
classical perspective
this took a rational, scientific approach to management and sought to turn organizations into efficient operating machines.
problems that arose in the Classical Perspective Area (1800s)
tooling the plants, organizing managerial structure, training employees (many of them non-English speaking immigrants), scheduling complex manufacturing operations, and dealing with increased labor dissatisfaction and resulting strikes.
Henri Fayol: -each subordinate receive orders from one- and only one- superior
unity of command
Henri Fayol developed 14 general principles of management, several of which are part of management philosphy today. Name 4
unity of command, division of work, unity of direction, scalar chain
Akika Corporation started as a small firm and has grown substantially in the past decade. Its interests span from electronics to real estate and aviation. Akika's board of directors have now decided to create independent business units for and categorize the actions performed under each domain. Each business unit will have distinct roles and responsibilities. Which of the 14 principles of Fayol does this exemplify?
unity of direction
Henri Fayol -Managerial work and technical work are amenable to specialization to produce more and better work with the same amount of effort.
division of work
scientific management
emphasizes scientifically determined jobs and management practices as the way to improve efficiency and labor productivity.
humanistic perspective
emphasizes the importance of understanding human behaviors, needs, and attituted in the workplace, as well as social interactions and group processes.
means that people are emotionally involved in their jobs and are satisfied with their work conditions, contribute enthusiastically to meeting team and organizational goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to an organization and its mission.
employee engagement
________ means that peopoe are involved in their jobs and are statisfied with their work conditions, contribute enthusasticalyl to meeting team and organizational goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization and its mission
engagement
Fayol, Weber & Taylor all recognized in their theories:
hierarchy, division of labor, standardized approach to work, centralization of authority, separation of personal and work life, wanted to select the best employees, wanted people paid fairly in theory
In the context of management thinking, the _____ maintains that jobs should be designed so that tasks are not perceived as demeaning but instead allow workers to use their full potential.
human resources perspective
____ ____ is a lively mix of ideas and techniques from varied historical perspectives, but new concepts continue to emerge
modern management
two recent trends in management are the transition to a
more technology-driven workplace and corresponding emphasis on a people-driven workplace
the three subects of MANAGEMENT SCIENCE are
operations research, operations management, information technology (IT)
looking at history gives managers a broader perspective for interpreting and responding to current
opportunities and problems
One specific set of management techniques based in the behavioral sciences approach is
organizational development (OD)
______ ______ is considered one of the most significant innovations influencing modern management
scientific management
in this approach, managesr should develop standard methods for doing each job, select workers with the appropriate abilites, train workers in the standard methods, support workers and eliminate interruptions, and provide wage incentives
scientific management
Henri Fayol -silimar activities in an organization should be grouped together under one manager
unity of direction
management science
uses mathematics, statistical techniques and computer technology to facilitate management desicion making, particularly for complex problems.
behavioral science approach
uses scientific methods and draws from sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, and other disciplines to develop theories about human behavior and interaction in an organizational setting
human relations movement
was based on the idea that truly effective control comes from within the individual worker rather than from strict, authoritarian control.
assumptions of theory _ -average human heing has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible -because of human characteristic of dislike for work, most people must be coerced, controlled, directed or threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort towrd the achievement of organizational objectives -the average human prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition, and wants security above all
(assumptions of theory) X
Assumptions of Theory _ -the expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest. The average human does not inherently dislike work. -external control and the threat of punishment are not the only means for bringing about effort towards organizational objectives. A person will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objectives to which he or she is committed. -the average human being learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but to seek responsibility -the capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imaginiation, ingenuity, and creativity in the solution of organizational problems is widely, not narrowly, distributed in the popularion
(assumptions of theory) Y
-managers wanted more systematic principles to train managers -saw a noticable lack of available managament theory in his day 1. planning - look ahead, start a course 2. organization - select and arrange people 3. command - oversee, lead, drive 4. coordinate - harmonize & facilitate 5. control - ensure compliance
classical management, henri fayol
Between 1880 and 1920 the number of professional managers in the US grew from 161000 to more than 1 million. These professional managers began developing and testing solutions to the mounting challanges of organizing, coordinating and controlling large number of people and increasing worker productivity. Thus began the evolution of modern maangement with the classical perspective. This perspective contains four subfields, each with a slightly different emphasis:
scientific management, bureaucratic organizations, administrative principles, and management science
Some supermarket chains are using computerized systems based on _____ _____ principles to schedule employees for maximum efficiency
scientific managemnet
____ ______, which refers to using social media technologies for interacting and facilitiating communication and collaboration among employees, customers and other stakeholders, is one CURRENT ANSWER TO THE HISTORICAL STRUGGLE
social business
Digitoll is a digital content company with offices in four cities across the world. Recently, Digitoll began using Sammer, an enterprise service, that allows employees to connect with each other. The use of this service has enabled a sense of community within Digitoll by facilitating communication, collaboration, and knowledge sharing. Identify the management approach used by Digitoll.
social bussiness
_____ ______ _____ include company online community pages, wikis for virtual collabs, social media sites, video channels, or microblogging platforms
social media programs
______ are parts of a system that depend on another for their functioning
subsystems
___ ____ ______ refers to managing the sequence of suppliers and purchasers and covers all stages of processing, from obtaining raw materials to distributing finished goods to consumers
supply chain management
the concept of _____ says that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The organization must be managed as a whole
synergy
An organization is a
system
a _____ is a set of interrelated parts that function as a whole to achieve a common purpose. An organization is a _______
system
Kathy is a manager at a bicycle manufacturing firm. She oversees the functioning of six different departments. The top management of the firm decides to combine two of the six departments and modify the roles of the employees in the new department. However, Kathy is uncomfortable with the modifications and believes that these changes can have a huge impact on the functioning of the other departments. In this case, Kathy's beliefs are consistent with the concept of _____.
systems thinking
____ _____ means looking not just at discrete parts of an organizational situation, but also at the continually changing interaction among the parts.
systems thinking
