Therapeutic Exercise - Chapter 6: Resistance Exercise

Alignment and Muscle Action

a body segment must be position so the direction of the movement of a limb or segment of the body replicates the action of the muscle or muscle groups to be strengthened

Isokinetic Exercise

a form of dynamic exercise in which the velocity of muscle shortening or lengthening and the angular limb velocity is predetermined and held constant by a rate-limiting device; velocity of limb movement, not the load, is manipulated

Dynamic Concentric Exercise

a form of dynamic muscle loading where tension in the muscle develops and physical shortening of the muscle occurs as an external force (resistance) is overcome, as when lifting a weight

Muscle-Setting Exercises

a form of isometric exercise; low-intensity isometric contraction performed against little to no resistance; can retard muscle atrophy and maintain mobility between muscle fibers when immobilization of a muscle is necessary

Dynamic Constant External Resistance (DCER) Exercise

a form of resistance training where a limb moves through a ROM against constant external load

Circuit Weight Training

a pre-established sequence of continuous exercise is performed in succession at individual exercise stations that target a variety of major muscle groups as an aspect of total body conditioning

Detraining

a reduction in muscle performance beginning within a week or two after the cessation of resistance exercise and continues until training effects are lost

Progressive Resistance Exercise/Delorme Regimens

a system of dynamic resistance training in which a constant external load is applied to the contracting muscle by some mechanical means (usually a free weight or weight machine) and incrementally increased; the repetition maximum is used as the basis for determining and progressing the resistance

Plyometric Training

a system of high velocity resistance training characterized by a rapid eccentric contraction during which the muscle elongates, immediately followed by a rapid reversal of movement with a resisted shortening contraction of the same muscle

Strength Training

a systematic procedure of a muscle or muscle group lifting, lowering or controlling heavy loads for a relatively low number of repetitions or over a short period of time

Internal Stabilization

achieved by an isometric contraction of an adjacent muscle group that does not enter into the movement pattern but holds the body segment of the proximal attachment of the muscle being strengthened firmly in place

Reversibility Principle

adaptive changes in the body's system in response to a resistance exercise program are transient unless training-induces improvements are regularly used for functional activities

Overtraining

aka chronic fatigue, staleness, burnout; a decline in physical performance in healthy individuals participating in high-intensity, high-volume strength and endurance training programs; fatigue occurs more quickly and requires longer recovery time; brought on by inadequate rest intervals. Too rapid of progression, and/or inadequate diet and fluid intake

Oxford Regimen

an exercise technique which diminishes the resistance as the muscle fatigues

Valsalva Maneuver

an expiratory effort against a closed glottis

Hypertrophy

an increase in the size (bulk) of an individual muscle fiber caused by an increase in myofibril volume

Hyperplasia

an increased number in muscle fibers

Eccentric Muscle Contraction

as the velocity of active muscle lengthening increases, force production in the muscle initially increases, then levels off

Concentric Muscle Contraction

as the velocity of muscle shortening increases, the force the muscle can generate decreases

Neural Adaptations to Exercise

attributed to motor learning and improved coordination and include increased recruitment in the number of motor units firing as well as an increased rate and synchronization of firing

Cross-training

carryover of training effects from one variation of exercise to another; endurance training as no effect on strength; strength training has some effect on endurance

Dynamic Eccentric Exercise

dynamic loading of a muscle beyond its force producing capacity, causing physical lengthening of the muscle as it attempts to control the load, as when lowering a weight

Isometric (Static) Exercise

exercise in which a muscle contracts and produces force without an appreciable change in the length of the muscle and without visible joint motion

Pathological Fracture

fracture of a bone already weakened by disease that occurs as the result of minor stress to the skeletal system

Endurance Training

having a muscle contract and lift or lower a light load for many repetitions or sustain a muscle contraction for an extended period of time; muscles adapt to endurance training by increases in their oxidative and metabolic capacities, which allows for better delivery and use of oxygen

Type II Fibers

high force, short time

Overload Principle

if muscle performance is to improve, a load that exceeds the metabolic capacity of the muscle must be applied; the muscle must be challenged to perform at a level greater than that to which it is accustomed

Type I Fibers

low force, long time

Closed-Chain Exercises

motions in which the body moves on a distal segment that is fixed or stabilized on a support surface; movement at one joint cause simultaneous motions at distal as well as proximal joints in a relatively predictable manner; performed in weight-bearing positions

Open-Chain Exercise

motions in which the distal segment (hand or foot) is free to move in space, without necessarily causing simultaneous motions at adjacent joints; limb movement only occurs distal to the moving joint and muscle activation occurs in the muscles that cross the moving joints

Delay-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)

muscle soreness, which is noticeable in the muscle belly or at the myotendinous junction, that begins to develop approximately 12 to 24 hours after the cessation of exercise; possibly caused by contraction-induced, mechanical disruption (microtrauma) of muscle fibers and/or connective tissue in and around muscle that results in degeneration of the tissue

Contraindications to Resistance Exercise

pain, inflammation; severe cardiopulmonary disease

Short-Arc Exercise

resistance exercised executes through only a portion of the available range

Full-Arc Exercises

resistance exercised executes through the full available range of motion

Multiple-Angle Isometrics

resistance is applied at multiple joint positions within the available ROM

Acute Muscle Soreness

soreness which develops during or directly after strenuous exercise performed to the point of muscle exhaustion; occurs as a muscle becomes fatigued during acute exercise because of the lack of adequate blood flow and oxygen and a temporary buildup of metabolites

SAID Principle

specific adaptation to imposed demands; a framework of specificity is a necessary foundation on which exercise programs should be built

Muscle Endurance

the ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly against a load, generate and sustain tension, and resist fatigue over an extended period of time

Muscle Strength

the ability of contractile tissue to produce tension and a resultant force based on the demands placed on the muscle

Functional Strength

the ability of the neuromuscular system to produce, reduce, or control forces, contemplated or imposed, during functional activities, in a smooth, coordinated manner

Intensity

the amount of resistance (weight) imposed on the contracting muscle during each repetition of an exercise

Alignment and Gravity

the body or limb should be positions so the muscle being strengthened acts against the resistance of gravity and the weight

Muscle (local) Fatigue

the diminished response of a muscle to a repeated stimulus; reflective in a progressive decrement in the amplitude of motor unit potentials

Cardiopulmonary Fatigue

the diminished response of an individual as the result of prolonged physical activity; related to the body's ability to use oxygen efficiently

Mode of Exercise

the form of exercise, type of muscle contraction that occurs, how the exercise load is applied and manner in which the exercise is carried out

Repetition Maximum (RM)

the greatest amount of weight (load) a muscle can move through the available range of motion a specific number of times; the maximum amount you can lift one time

Threshold for Fatigue

the level of exercise that cannot be sustain indefinitely

Overwork

the progressive deterioration of strength in muscles already weakened by non-progressive neuromuscular disease

Muscle Power

the work produced by a muscle per unit of time

Stabilization Exercises (Isometric)

used to develop submaximal but sustained levels of contraction to improve postural stability or dynamic stability by means of mid-range isometric contractions against resistance in antigravity positions

DAPRE Regimen

Daily Adjustable Progressive Resistance Exercise; used to calculate when and by how much to increase resistance; based on a 6 RM working weight, the adjusted working weight, which is based on the maximum number of repetitions possible using the working weight of set #3 of the regimen, determines the working weight for the nest exercise session