Chapter 20
True or False: Increases in angiotensin II levels cause decreases in blood pressure.
False
Describe the changes in blood flow and pressure that result when someone engages in prolonged strenuous exercise. Indicate how pressure, flow, and resistance change systemically and in the skeletal muscles being used.
See section 20.7. Briefly, CO rises dramatically, increasing flow and pressure. Within skeletal muscle, vasodilation leads to lower resistance and increased flow.
Which sequence indicates the correct pathway for blood in the arterial flow of the upper appendage?
Subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery
Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood?
Systemic veins
True or False: Some large molecules, such as fatty acids, are transported between capillaries and tissues by vesicular transport.
True
True or False: Systolic pressure is greater than diastolic pressure due to the force generated by ventricular contraction.
True
True or False: The contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in the veins.
True
True or False: The higher the degree of vascularization in a tissue, the greater the potential for local blood flow.
True
True or False: The left suprarenal and gonadal veins differ from the right suprarenal and gonadal veins in how directly they get to the inferior vena cava
True
True or False: The liver receives oxygenated blood from the common hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein.
True
True or False: The stomach needs the celiac artery blood supply in order to receive blood.
True
The _____________ vein runs alongside the lateral aspect of the upper limb and eventually drains into the axillary vein.
cephallic
The end of the aorta occurs when the vessel bifurcates into the:
common iliac arteries.
Umbilical arteries carry _______ blood.
deoxygenated
Peripheral resistance is:
directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius.
The function of the postcapillary venule is to:
drain the capillary bed.
As the popliteal vein travels up the leg, it curves to the anterior portion of the thigh and is renamed the ________________ vein.
femoral
An increase in blood flow that follows a temporary disruption of blood flow is known as reactive _________.
hyperemia
Systolic blood pressure is recorded:
in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction.
In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the:
tunica media
Angiotensin II causes:
vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst.
True or False: A vasodilator causes a decrease in local blood flow at a capillary bed.
False
True or False: Although local blood flow to different organs varies from time to time (based on demand), the distribution of blood vessels in the various organs of the body is fairly similar.
False
True or False: An increase in blood vessel diameter would lead to a decrease in blood flow.
False
True or False: Filtration and reabsorption are processes that involve water (a solvent) but not solutes.
False
True or False: Of the three artery types, the elastic arteries have the greatest ability to vasoconstrict and vasodialte
False
True or False: The azygos vein is located on the left side of the vertebrae.
False
True or False: The great saphenous vein is a deep vein and the popliteal vein is a superficial vein.
False
Which path of arteries would a blood cell follow on its way from the thigh to the foot?
Femoral a., popliteal a., anterior tibial a., dorsalis pedis a.
_________________ capillaries have pores within each endothelial cell.
Fenestrated
Which statement is accurate? A. Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure. B. Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure. C. Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure. D. Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.
Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.
Which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava?
Hepatic veins
What causes closure of the foramen ovale at birth?
Higher pressure in the left atrium, which causes interatrial septum flaps to close
Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae?
Muscular arteries
Give the formula for net filtration pressure; then include typical values (at the arterial end of a capillary bed) for all variables and include units.
NFP = (HP b - HP if ) - (COP b - COP if ) For eg, (35 - 0) - (26 - 5) = 14 mmHg
True or False: Among the advantages of the cerebral arterial circle is the presence of collateral channels of blood flow to the brain should a supply artery become blocked.
True
True or False: Blood hydrostatic pressure in systemic capillaries is greater than interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.
True
True or False: Branches of the subclavian arteries carry blood on the way to the brain, neck and shoulder muscles, and mammary glands.
True
True or False: Epinephrine, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure.
True
True or False: Pulmonary veins carry blood toward the left atrium of the heart.
True
The superior vena cava is formed by the merging of the _______ veins.
brachiocephalic
The artery that bifurcates into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery is the:
brachiocephalic artery.
Because of their role in material exchanges, the _______________ are considered to be the functional units of the cardiovascular system.
capillaries
Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the __________ and the tissues of the body.
capillaries
The cardiac center of the brainstem includes the:
cardioacceleratory center from which sympathetic pathways extend.
Valves in veins:
cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.
High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate:
chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center.
Blood velocity is measured in _________ and is generally _________ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels.
cm/second, inversely
Excitation of the vasomotor center results in:
increased sympathetic activity and predominantly more vasoconstriction than vasodilation.
Increased cardiac output ______ the blood pressure.
increases
The left renal vein, right renal vein, right suprarenal vein, and right gonadal vein merge directly into the:
inferior vena cava
The respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires:
intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases.
The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel:
is called the blood pressure.
Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries:
more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed.
The arteries that anastomose and form the two arterial arches in the palm are the _____ and_____ arteries.
radial, ulnar
To prevent excessive blood loss following tissue damage, local chemicals such as:
thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction.
The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the:
transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.
The ________ is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.
tunica intima
The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells.
tunica media
In the fetus, the blood from the umbilical vein is shunted away from the liver and sent to the inferior vena cava through the ductus ______________.
venosus
After birth, the remnant of the umbilical vein becomes the:
ligamentum teres.
Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the:
net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to:
the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.
Blood pressure is lowest in:
veins
A venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than ____ micrometers.
100
53. If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be:
50 mmHg.
If someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/65 mmHg, then their mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be:
80 mmHg.
Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption? A. Filtration is driven by concentration gradients, whereas reabsorption depends on hydrostatic pressure. B. Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood. C. Filtration happens at the venule end of a capillary bed and reabsorption happens in feeder arterioles. D. The direction of filtration can be either into or out of the blood, but reabsorption always involves fluids entering the blood. E. Two of these statements are accurate.
B. Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood.
Which statement accurately describes total blood flow? A. Total blood flow equals cardiac output and is a fixed number given that there is a finite amount of blood in the body. B. Total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels. C. Total blood flow is measured as the sum of blood flow to upper and lower extremities and is measured in liters. D. Total blood flow is measured as the sum of blood flow to upper and lower extremities and is measured in beats per minute. E. Changes in total blood flow are accompanied by equivalent changes in local blood flow in all areas of the body.
B. Total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels.
Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. What reflex will result?
Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase.
During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. What other blood flow changes occur?
Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases.
Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg?
Build up of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation.
Which is the most common type of capillary?
Continuous
_______________ arteries emerge from the superficial and deep palmar arches to supply the fingers.
Digits
Which fetal circulatory structure shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?
Ductus arteriosus
Precapillary sphincters will: A. control blood flow into the true capillaries. B. cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule. C. open when the tissue needs nutrients. D. close when the tissue's needs have been met. E. All of these answers are correct
E. All of these answers are correct
What branches arise directly from the celiac trunk?
Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries
Several esophageal branches emerge off of which of the following vessels?
Superior mesenteric artery
What causes much of the blood in the fetal right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium through the foramen ovale?
The blood pressure in the right atrium is greater than in the left atrium.
Tendons and ligaments have:
a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing.
Which are found in the capillary wall? a: Endothelium b: Subendothelial layer c: Internal elastic lamina d: Intercellular clefts e: External elastic lamina f: Basement membrane
a: Endothelium d: Intercellular clefts f: Basement membrane
The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the: a: Internal jugular veins b: Right sigmoid sinus c: Left sigmoid sinus d: Subclavian veins e: Traight sinus
a: Internal jugular veins d: Subclavian veins
Sinusoids are found in: a: bone marrow b: spleen c: small intestine d: kidney e: liver f: muscle g: skin
a: bone marrow b: spleen e: liver
If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be:
above normal
Angiogenesis:
allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue.
In general, as an artery's diameter decreases, the artery walls show:
an increase in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a decrease in the relative amount of elastic fibers.
The formation of new blood vessels is a process known as __________.
angiogenesis
Renin converts:
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
The anterior communicating artery of the cerebral arterial circle connects the:
anterior cerebral arteries
The aorta contains specialized sensory nerve endings that respond to stretch of the vessel wall. These pressure-sensitive structures are called aortic arch _________.
baroreceptors
The artery that will eventually subdivide to form the posterior cerebral arteries is the _____artery.
basilar
The _________ run(s) adjacent to the medial surface of the upper limb and eventually helps form the axillary vein.
basilic vein
If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then net filtration pressure would:
be higher than normal
The radial and ulnar veins fuse to form ________ veins; all of these veins are _______ veins.
brachial, deep
As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure:
decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases.
Superior phrenic arteries supply the ______ and emerge from the _____.
diaphragm; descending thoracic aorta
Oxygen and carbon dioxiode are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of:
diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.
Blood flow is:
directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance.
Most of the venous blood of the cranium drains through large vessels known as the _____________ venous sinuses.
dural
The largest arteries of the body are classified as:
elastic arteries.
The artery pair that supplies the lower limbs are the:
external iliac arteries.
As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins:
gets larger
As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries:
gets smaller
The driving force propelling blood through the circulatory system is the difference in blood pressure from the beginning of a blood vessel to its end. This difference is known as the blood pressure _________.
gradient
A portal system:
is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart.
The popliteal artery supplies the:
knee joint
Pulmonary arteries are shorter and wider than systemic arteries. Accordingly, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is:
low and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange.
Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their very watery blood would be:
low viscosity and therefore have low resistance.
The branch of the external carotid that is responsible for supplying the teeth, gums, nasal cavity, and meninges is the _____ artery.
maxillary
At the bifurcation of the aorta in the pelvic region, the _______ artery arises to supply the sacrum and coccyx.
median sacral
The hepatic portal system allows for the processing of:
nutrients and toxins absorbed from the gastrointestinal system into the blood.
The umbilical cord contains _____ umbilical vein(s) and _____ umbilical artery(ies).
one, two
Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ________ effects on blood pressure.
opposite
The pulmonary trunk carries:
oxygenated blood from the left ventricle toward the lungs.
The femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein when it:
passes above the inguinal ligament.
The hepatic ______________ system is a venous network that drains the GI tract and delivers blood to the liver.
portal
Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to:
reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid.
If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise, they might lose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels, as there would be:
regression of blood vessels in adipose and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle.
Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n):
simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ.
The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is:
slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.
Tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can:
stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator.
At a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor:
stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow.
The azygos vein merges with the _____________ vena cava.
superior
The internal thoracic artery will become the _________, which carries blood to the superior abdominal wall.
superior epigastric artery
The artery that arises from the descending aorta and is immediately inferior to the celiac trunk is the _____ artery.
superior mesenteric
Atherosclerosis involves a:
sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow.
Formed primarily of tunica intima and strengthened by elastic and collagen fibers, the _________________ in veins prevent blood from pooling.
valves
A network of small arteries called the ___________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels.
vasa vasorum
Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates:
vasoconstriction, increased urine output, and therefore increased blood pressure.
When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate:
vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs.
The cyclical process of contracting and relaxing of the precapillary sphincters is called _________________.
vasomotion
