Chapter 20

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as adenoids. red pulp. white pulp. lymph nodes. Peyer's patches.

white pulp.

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by A) lymphocytes. B) trabeculae. C) arteries. D) veins. E) fibrous connective tissue.

A) lymphocytes.

Identify the structure labeled "3." outer cortex afferent lymphatic hilum efferent lymphatic medulla

Afferent lymphatic

Characteristics of specific defenses include memory. versatility. specificity. tolerance. All of the answers are correct.

All

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include epithelia. mucus. sebaceous glands. epidermal layers. All of the answers are correct.

All

In general, lymphocytes spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue. have one nucleus. have relatively long life spans. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

All

Inflammation produces localized redness. pain. swelling. heat. All of the answers are correct.

All

Lymphocyte production involves peripheral lymphoid tissues. thymus tissue. bone marrow. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

All

Nonspecific defenses include physical barriers. interferons. inflammation. phagocytic cells. All of the answers are correct.

All

The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in agglutination or precipitation. neutralization of the antigen. complement activation and opsonization. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

All

The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to process antigens. display antigen fragments. activate T cells. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

All

A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n) chemotoxin. complement. thymosin. irritant. antigen.

Antigen

________ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues. Autoimmune disorders Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Anaphylaxis Allergies Immunosuppression

Autoimmune disorders

The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. NK cytotoxic T B helper T suppressor T

B

The medullary sinus of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells. cytotoxic T NK medullary B helper T

B

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except complement. inflammation. B and T cells. interferon. the skin.

B and T cells

Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "2." NK cells B cells monocytes T lymphocytes erythrocytes

B cells

T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of plasma cells. immunoglobulins. B cells. antibodies. APCs.

B cells

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with sensory nerve endings. blood vessels. adipose tissue. hyaline cartilage. both hyaline cartilage and adipose tissue.

Blood vessels

An inflammatory response is triggered when A) red blood cells release pyrogens. B) T cells release interferon. C) mast cells release histamine and heparin. D) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria. E) blood flow to an area increases.

C) mast cells release histamine and heparin.

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n) ________ cell. NK CD4 T cytotoxic T plasma suppressor T

CD4 T

________ cells provide cell-mediated immunity. Memory B Suppressor T CD8 T CD4 T Cytotoxic T

CD8 T

Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the groin. CNS. throat. renal arteries. periphery.

CNS

Lymph nodes do all of the following, except that they A) produce antibodies. B) monitor the contents of lymph. C) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. D) accumulate cancer cells. E) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

E) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John is running a fever. is feeling achy. has a sore throat. is producing T lymphocytes. has swollen lymph nodes.

Fever

Identify the region labeled "5." medullary sinus subscapular space trabecula deep cortex germinal center

Germinal center

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgA.

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgD

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgE

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgG

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, which are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgM.

Which of the following statements regarding lymph is false? Lymphatic vessels have valves to direct fluid flow. Lymphatic capillaries have larger diameters than that of blood capillaries. Lymphatic capillaries have little or no basement membrane. Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the cardiopulmonary system. Lymph derives from interstitial fluid.

Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the cardiopulmonary system.

________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time. Suppressor Memory IgM Dendritic Plasma

Memory

Lymphocytes are all actively phagocytic. destroy red blood cells. respond to antigens. decrease in number during infection. are primarily found in red bone marrow.

Respond to antigens

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the thymus. liver. spleen. lymph nodes. tonsils.

Spleen

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell. T NK plasma nodule B

T

The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. T NK interferon plasma B

T

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of T and B cells. NK cells. mast cells. interferons. antigen-antibody complexes.

T and B

If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of B lymphocytes. NK cells. T cells. neutrophils. NK cells and T cells.

T cells

Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except the thymus. lymph node organs. lymphoid nodules. the brain. the spleen.

The brain.

Which characteristic of lymphatic capillaries is correct? They typically have a rounded, regular appearance in sectional view. They originate as pockets rather than forming continuous tubes. They have smaller diameters than blood capillaries. They have thicker walls than blood capillaries.

They originate as pockets rather than forming continuous tubes.

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the kidneys. liver. thymus. spleen. bone marrow.

Thymus

________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen. Versatility Allergy Tolerance Specificity Hypersensitivity

Tolerance

________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. Tonsils Immune complexes Peyer's patches Spleens Lymph nodes

Tonsils

Identify the structures labeled "4." trabeculae dendritic cells venules lymphatic vessels medullae

Trabeculae

The primary function of the lymphatic system is the transport of hormones. circulation of nutrients. defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats. the production and distribution of plasma proteins. both the transport of hormones and the production and distribution of plasma proteins.

defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.

Helper T cells do all of the following except enhance antibody-mediated immunity. secrete cytokines to stimulate production of plasma cells. enhance cell-mediated immunity. activate sensitized B cells by costimulation. destroy target cells using perforins.

destroy target cells using perforins.

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called apoptosis. phagocytosis. chemotaxis. involution. diapedesis.

diapedesis.

Autoantibodies are produced during an allergic reaction. important in tissue rejection reactions. directed against the body's own antigens. produced by activated T cells. the first step in immunological competence.

directed against the body's own antigens.

Suppressor T cells act to A) suppress antigens. B) erase memory T cells. C) limit antigen proliferation. D) inhibit T and B cell activities. E) produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity.

inhibit T and B cell activities.

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. passive natural passive innate active auto

innate

Infection with the HIV virus occurs through airborne droplets from coughs and sneezes. eating contaminated food. intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids. casual contact with an infected individual. sharing clothes with an infected individual.

intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids.

After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called diminishment. atrophy. involution. conversion. necrosis.

involution.

Various types of macrophages are derived from A) lymphocytes. B) monocytes. C) neutrophils. D) eosinophils. E) basophils.

monocytes

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. passive naturally acquired active natural acquired passive auto innate

naturally acquired active

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. naturally acquired active naturally acquired passive passive auto innate

naturally acquired passive

Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as costimulation. agglutination. neutralization. phagocytosis. opsonization.

neutralization.

During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type. antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. B cells may take time to develop into plasma cells and memory cells. neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances. the antigen must activate appropriate B cells.

neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of alloimmunity. active immunization. natural immunity. passive immunity. innate immunity.

passive immunity.

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the NK cells. T cells. plasma cells. phagocytes. B cells.

phagocytes.

The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells. NK plasma helper T thymus liver

plasma

In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens activate complement. activate antibodies. opsonize pathogens. cause inflammation. produce a fever.

produce a fever.

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the left side of the neck. pelvic viscera. right breast. left breast. left arm and shoulder.

right breast.

Lymph draining from your right shoulder flows into the right lymphatic duct. the thoracic duct.

right lymphatic duct

B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called differentiation. apoptosis. customization. opsonization. sensitization.

sensitization.

The lobules of the thymus are divided by partitions called trabeculae. septa. fissures. sutures. hilums.

septa

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by specific immunity. nonspecific immunity. fever. immunological surveillance. skin defenses.

specific immunity.

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably lymph. blood. serum. interstitial. tears

tears

The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct. superior and inferior lymphatic ducts the left jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks two great vessels the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks the thoracic and mediastinal ducts

the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except the venae cavae lymphatic vessels. lymph. the spleen. lymph nodes.

the venae cavae

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the right lymphatic duct. cisterna chyli. hepatic portal vein. thoracic duct. dural sinus.

thoracic duct.

The thymus produces several complementary hormones called thymosins. immunoglobulins. interferons. catecholamines. desmosomes.

thymosins.

T is to ________ as B is to ________. A) top; bottom B) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived C) thyroid; bowel D) non-thymus-dependent; bottom E) trabeculae; bursa

thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

A test to measure the antibody level a blood sample is called a(n) major histocompatibility complex. primary response. titer. secondary response . anaphylaxis test.

titer.

The site on an antibody that is specifically tailored to fit a specific antigen is called the heavy chain. constant segment. variable segment. light chain. bond.

variable segment.

All of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two. results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. produces more IgG antibodies. depends on memory B cells. results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response.

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than 37.2°C. 98.6°F. 37.2°C, or 99°F. 37.2°C, or 98.6°F 99°F.

37.2°C, or 99°F.

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it lies in the anterior mediastinum. reaches its greatest relative size before puberty. produces T cells. activates B cells. involutes after puberty.

activates B cells.

Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what? activating genes that trigger apoptosis secreting a strong acid secreting free radicals secreting organic solvent secreting mutant proteins

activating genes that trigger apoptosis

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called antigen presentation. sensitization. opsonization. agglutination. neutralization.

agglutination.

An antibody binds to an antigen at a specific area called the antigen binding site. antigenic determinant site. antigen-antibody complex. hapten. constant segment.

antigenic determinant site.

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they are larger in diameter. are frequently irregular in shape. are smaller in diameter. have no basement membrane. have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles.

are smaller in diameter.

Which of the following concerning Class I MHC proteins is false? function in antigen presentation bind complement are found on all nucleated cells allow the body to differentiate its own cells from foreign cells display abnormal peptides on the plasma membrane

bind complement

In passive immunity, the immune system is directly exposed to a pathogen. immune system attacks normal body cells. body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. immune system is inactive. body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except chemotaxis of phagocytes. heat of the inflamed tissue. movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. redness of the inflamed tissue. swelling of the inflamed tissue.

chemotaxis of phagocytes.

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called apoptosis. diapedesis. chemotaxis. phagocytosis. immune surveillance.

chemotaxis.

Which is an expanded, saclike chamber that receives lymph from the inferior part of the abdomen, the pelvis, and the lower limbs? cisterna chyli right lymphatic duct lumbar trunk thoracic duct

cisterna chyli

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the azygos. bronchomediastinal trunk. hilum. lymph node. cisterna chyli.

cisterna chyli.

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except basement membranes. complement. secretions. epithelium. body hair.

complement.

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. helper T B cytotoxic T suppressor T plasma

cytotoxic T

Identify the structure labeled "1." venule trabecula efferent lymphatic lymphatic nodule afferent lymphatic

efferent lymphatic

Before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must depolarize the lymphocyte. infect cells. bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte. be processed by a phagocyte. either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte.

either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte.

The lymphocytes are most important in transporting gases to and away from lymph nodes. eliminating variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. transporting lipids from the digestive tract. fighting infection. helping maintain normal blood volume.

fighting infection

Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? free and fixed macrophages T lymphocytes neutrophils B lymphocytes red blood cells

free and fixed macrophages

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their light-chain variable segments. heavy-chain constant segments. asymmetry. antigen specificity. both light-chain variable segments and heavy-chain constant segments.

heavy-chain constant segments.

Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells. helper T NK B plasma cytotoxic T

helper T

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes the disease known as AIDS, selectively infects ________ cells. helper T B plasma suppressor T cytotoxic T

helper T

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of helper T cells. plasma cells. antigens. macrophages. antibodies.

helper T cells.

All of the following are true of the primary response to antigen exposure except that it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. it is delayed by the memory cell stage. it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell. it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise.

it is delayed by the memory cell stage.

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following? lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells all body cells with a nucleus red blood cells granulocytes and microphages liver cells and macrophages in the spleen

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells