Chapter 20 Anatomy and Physiology
The three primary branches of the celiac trunk are the common hepatic, left gastric, and splenic veins.
false
Formula for MAP
SPB + 2 (DBP) / 3
A nurse takes your blood pressure and tells you the numbers are 110/70. What are your blood pressures?
Systolic = 110 mmHg Diastolic = 70 mmHg Pulse pressure = 40 mmHg MAP = 83 mmMg
Why do fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end?
The net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.
Which of the following best describes the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)?
an anastomosis surrounding the pituitary gland
What is not a vein of the lower limb?
anterior interosseous vein
The ____________ is the first vessel blood enters upon exiting the heart.
aorta
What is the path of blood from the heart, to the left zygomaticus muscles, and back to the heart.
aorta, left common carotid artery, left external carotid artery, left facial artery, zygomatic tissues, left facial vein, left internal jugular vein, left subclavian vein, left brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava
Just prior to entering capillary beds, ____________ have become extremely thin and present only a few layers of smooth muscle.
arterioles
Most of the redirection will occur in the ____________ .
arterioles
During exercise, the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves cause what to occur?
arterioles to dilate in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine
What is the most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary?
blood colloid osmotic pressure
Which of the following are powerful vasoconstrictors?
epinephrine and aldosterone
Blood flow is pulsatile in arteries and veins, but it is steady in capillaries.
false
Heart rate and stroke volume decrease under decreased parasympathetic stimulation.
false
The lymphatic capillaries reabsorb as much as 20% of the fluid lost by the blood capillaries.
false
When the sphincters are open, blood will ____________ the capillary bed.
fill
What is not a vein of the upper limb?
great saphenous vein
Which of the following does not move substances across capillary walls?
group transport
Which of the is NOT a possible circulatory route from the heart?
heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → arteries → heart
This shift in fluid balance at the arterial end is referred to as ____________ pressure.
hydrostatic
Which of the following does not lead to edema?
hyperproteinemia
Where are arterial anastomoses, in which two arteries merge, found?
in the coronary circulation
What will not increase the heart rate?
increased blood pressure
What does the medullary ischemic reflex result in?
increased circulation to the brain
Which of the following would decrease the velocity of blood flow?
increased viscosity
After a meal the ____________ receive priority and the skeletal muscles receive very little flow.
intestines
What does decompensated shock result in?
ischemia and acidosis of the brainstem, myocardial ischemia, several life-threatening positive feedback loops, and disseminated intravascular coagulation
The ____________ expand and recoil with every heart beat due to a histologically dominant network of elastic tissue in the tunica media.
large (elastic) arteries
The superior vena cava is an example of a ____________ that includes smooth muscle circularly and longitudinally arranged in the tunica media and externa, respectively.
large veins
This is the physical force exerted by a ____________ against a surface like a capillary wall.
liquid
What causes reactive hyperemia to increase tissue perfusion?
local controls
The ____________ contain abundant but irregularly spaced smooth muscle with frequent valves present in the tunica interna.
medium veins
What contains chemoreceptors?
medulla oblongata
Where is the vasomotor center located?
medulla oblongata
During exercise the skeletal muscles receive ____________ blood flow.
more
What is the most important force in venous flow?
the pressure generated by the heart
Which of the following are not tributaries of the inferior vena cava?
the vertebral veins
What is(are) the physiological purposes of vasoreflexes?
to cause a generalized raising or lowering of blood pressure throughout the body and to selectively modify the perfusion of a particular organ by rerouting blood from one region of the body to another
Blood flow through a capillary bed is regulated by precapillary sphincters.
true
The cerebral arteries dilate when the systemic BP drops and constrict when it rises.
true
The pulmonary circuit is the only route in which arteries carry less oxygen than veins.
true
Vasomotion can raise or lower blood pressure throughout the body.
true
The outermost wall of an artery or vein is called the _______ and in larger arteries and veins contain the ______.
tunica externa; vasa vasorum
The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along which nerve(s)?
vagus nerve
A bee sting can trigger a massive release of histamine, which causes ______ and a(n) ______ in arterial blood pressure.
vasodilation; decrease
What are the afferent vessels that carry blood back to the heart?
veins
Where is the greatest volume of blood found in the body?
veins
Fluid will then osmotically reenter at the ____________ end.
venous
After exiting the capillary, ____________ contain no muscle and are the first vessel that blood enters on its way back to the heart.
venules
This fluid delivers materials to the cells and removes its ____________ .
waste
What is taken up by the capillaries at their venous end?
waste products
Pulse pressure equation
Diastolic - Systolic
Lung tissue receives nourishment and waste removal from the pulmonary circuit.
false
Most tissue fluid is reabsorbed by the lymphatic system.
false
Capillary beds have precapillary ____________ at the junction of capillaries and the metarteriole.
sphincters
What is the best way to estimate the MAP?
take the diastolic pressure and add one- third of the pulse pressure
Which of the following constitutes the principal venous drainage of the thoracic organs?
the azygos system
Characteristic of veins
-Loosely referred to as "capacitance vessels" -Contain the majority of blood at any one time -Provide for relatively consistent velocity of blood flow -Collapsed when empty -Rely on the respiratory and skeletal muscular pumps to propel blood
Characteristic of arteries
-Loosely termed "resistance vessels" -Loosely termed "pressure reservoirs" -Usually carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body -Pulsatile flow of blood -Exhibit greater ability to alter vessel diameter
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) characterization
-temporary dizziness -loss of vision or other senses -weakness -paralysis -headache -aphasia
Vessels in the order through which blood would pass, beginning with blood entering the systemic circuit after exiting the heart.
1. Aorta 2. Common iliac artery 3. External iliac artery 4. Femoral artery 5. Popliteal artery 6. Popliteal vein 7. Femoral vein 8. External iliac vein 9. Common iliac vein 10. Inferior vena cava
Vessels in the order through which blood would pass, beginning with blood entering the systemic circuit after exiting the heart.
1. Conducting arteries 2. distributing arteries 3. resistance arteries 4. arterioles 5. capillaries 6. post-capillary venules 7. muscular venules 8. medium veins 9. venus sinuses 10. large veins
Hypertension is commonly considered to be a chronic resting blood pressure higher than _________.
140/90
What is the mean arterial pressure for a person with 110 and 65 mm Hg as systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively?
80 mm Hg
Approximately what percent of fluid that exits the capillaries at the arterial end renters the capillaries at the venous end?
90%
What is NOT detected by chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies?
blood pressure
What does compensated chock result in?
brings about spontaneous recovery, hypotension triggers the baroreflex, hypotension triggers the production of angiotensin II, and when a person falls to a horizontal position, gravity restores blood flow to the brain
The site of gaseous exchange, or ____________ , are characterized by extremely thin walls with only endothelium and basal lamina, which better suits diffusional requirements.
capillaries
Myocardial infarction can lead to what type of shock?
cardiogenic
Where are baroreceptors found?
carotid sinuses
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that assists venous return?
central venous pressure being greater than pressure in the venules
What would decrease capillary filtration?
dehydration
When this occurs, blood is ____________ to tissue or organs elsewhere.
diverted
Which of the following is associated with vasomotion?
smooth muscle in the tunica media
Typically, fluid filters ____________ the arterial end of a capillary.
out
what is the main chemical stimulus for cerebral autoregulation?
pH
Blood flow is ____________ according to metabolic needs.
redirected
Constriction of these sphincters ____________ the blood flow through their respective capillaries.
reduces
Arteries are sometimes called the _________ vessels of the cardiovascular system because they have strong-resilient tissue structure.
resistance
Which of the following is absent in humans?
right and left brachiocephalic arteries
Your grandmother is experiencing temporary dizziness, blurred vision, paralysis on her left side, and mild aphasia. What do you think might be happening?
she is having a TIA.