Chapter 20 - Lymphatic System

Which type of specific defense is conferred by the administration of antibodies to combat infection? naturally acquired passive immunity naturally acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity

Artificially acquired passive immunity

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells. B NK suppressor T cytotoxic T helper T

B

The medullary cords of a lymph node contain ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells. NK medullary B cordal cytotoxic T

B

In passive immunity, the immune system attacks normal body cells. body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. body receives antibodies produced by other humans. body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal. body receives antibodies produced by an animal.

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

Which lymphocytes are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? natural killer cells B cells suppressor T cells cytotoxic T cells

B cells

Which statement regarding CD4 T cells is true? Upon activation, CD4 T cells undergo a series of divisions, and daughter cells differentiate into active cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells. Before they can initiate antibody-mediated immunity, inactive CD4 T cells must be exposed to appropriate antigens bound to Class II MHC proteins. Prior to differentiating into an active helper T cell, a CD4 T cell must first encounter a suppressor T cell. A CD4 T cell can recognize antigens bound to Class I MHC proteins.

Before they can initiate antibody-mediated immunity, inactive CD4 T cells must be exposed to appropriate antigens bound to Class II MHC proteins.

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with blood vessels. hyaline cartilage. sensory nerve endings. adipose tissue. both blood vessels and adipose tissue.

Blood vessels

Microphages include neutrophils. eosinophils. monocytes. Kupffer cells. both neutrophils and eosinophils.

Both neutrophils and eosinophils

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells. B suppressor T plasma helper T cytotoxic T

Cyotoxic T

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. cytotoxic T B plasma helper T suppressor T

Cytotoxic T

Which characteristic of lymphatic capillaries is correct? They originate as pockets rather than forming continuous tubes. They have smaller diameters than blood capillaries. They have thicker walls than blood capillaries. They typically have a rounded, regular appearance in sectional view.

They originate as pockets rather than forming continuous tubes.

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the right lymphatic duct. hepatic portal vein. cisterna chyli. thoracic duct. dural sinus.

Thoracic duct

T cells develop from stem cells in the spleen. kidneys. bone marrow. liver. thymus.

Thymus

T is to ________ as B is to ________. top-located; bottom-located non-thymus-dependent; bottom-located thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived trabeculae-descended; bursa-origin thyroid-drawn; bowel-developed

Thymus dependent, bone marrow dependent

An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx is called lymphosis. lymph edema. laryngitis. tonsillitis. indigestion.

Tonsilitis

________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. Peyer's patches Immune complexes Spleens Tonsils Lymph nodes

Tonsils

The lymphatic system does all of the following except fights infection. transports lipids from the digestive tract. eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. helps maintain normal blood volume. transports gases to and away from lymph nodes.

Transports gases to and away from lymph nodes

Which class of antibodies is secreted first after an antigen is encountered? IgG IgE IgA IgM

IgM

Lymphocytes provide an adaptive or specific defense known as the immune response. adaptive defense. lymphocytic response. phagocytic response. inflammation of tissues.

Immune response

Which of the following is NOT a possible result of antigen presentation? T-cell activation destruction of pathogens antibody production infection of body cells by antigens

Infection of body cells by antigens

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except opsonization. inhibition of the immune response. destruction of target cell plasma membranes. stimulation of inflammation. chemotaxis.

Inhibition of an immune response

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. passive auto innate active natural passive

Innate

Which of the following are secreted by T cells and NK cells, and stimulate macrophage activity? interferon gamma interferon beta complement proteins interferon alpha

Interferon gamma

Cytokines that make a cell and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called interleukins. transferrins. complement. interferons. immunoglobulins.

Interferons

Complement: is a specific defense. involves the destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues. is a system of circulating proteins that assists antibodies in the destruction of pathogens. is a chemical messenger that coordinates the defenses against viral infections.

Is a system of circulating proteins that assists antibodies in the destruction of pathogens

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John is feeling achy. is producing T lymphocytes. has a sore throat. has swollen lymph nodes. is running a fever.

Is running a fever

________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver. Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ventricular macrophages Kupffer cells Astrocytes

Kupffer cells

Microglia are to the CNS as Kupffer cells are to the pancreas. thymus. liver. lungs. spleen.

Liver

The ________ tissues are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes. dense irregular connective areolar connective reticular connective lymphatic All of the answers are correct.

Lymphatic

An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called lymphosis. lymphadenopathy. lymphoma. lymphopenia. lymphedema.

Lymphedema

Adaptive defenses depend on the activities of lymphocytes. leukocytes. agranulocytes. erythrocytes. monocytes.

Lymphocytes

Lymphatic tissues are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes. mast cells. plasma cells. monocytes. fibroblasts.

Lymphocytes

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by veins. trabeculae. fibrous connective tissue. arteries. lymphocytes.

Lymphocytes

Antigen-presenting cells are differentiated from other body cells by the presence of Class II MHC proteins in their plasma membranes. Which of the following correctly describes a difference between Class I and Class II MHC? Macrophages use Class II MHC to display antigens they have phagocytized. Cells must be infected by a pathogen before they can display its antigens on Class II MHC. Class I MHC is produced in the Golgi apparatus, while Class II MHC is produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Class I MHC activates more types of lymphocytes than Class II MHC.

Macrophages use Class II MHC to display antigens they have phagocytized.

An inflammatory response is triggered when neutrophils phagocytize bacteria. mast cells release histamine and heparin. blood flow to an area increases. T cells release interferon. red blood cells release pyrogens.

Mast cells release histamine and heparin

Fixed macrophages that are found in the central nervous system are called ventricular macrophages. oligodendrocytes. astrocytes. microglia. Kupffer cells.

Microglia

The phagocytic antigen-presenting cells belong to the ________ group. interferon complement monocyte-macrophage lymphatic tumor-suppressing

Monocyte-macrophage

Various types of macrophages are derived from neutrophils. lymphocytes. eosinophils. basophils. monocytes.

Monocytes

Plasma contains ________ special proteins that form the complement system. exactly 10 about 3 exactly 25 roughly 18 more than 30

More than 30

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells. NK B plasma suppressor T helper T

NK

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as white pulp. lymph nodes. adenoids. Peyer's patches. red pulp.

White pulp

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. passively acquired automatically acquired innate naturally acquired active natural passive

Naturally acquired active

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. naturally acquired passive actively acquired innate passively acquired automatically acquired

Naturally acquired passive

Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are part of the fenestrated capillary group. more numerous than blood capillaries. located primarily in the large intestine. necessary for the transport of dietary lipids. All of the answers are correct.

Necessary for transport of dietary lipids

Which of the following are abundant, mobile, and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria? fixed macrophages free macrophages neutrophils eosinophils

Neutrophils

________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine. Tonsils Adenoids Lymph glands Peyer's patches Immune complexes

Peyer's patches

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the T cells. NK cells. B cells. plasma cells. phagocytes.

Phagocytes

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells. NK helper T liver thymus plasma

Plasma

Antigen presentation is __________. not required for the activation of specific defenses the presence of antigens or antigenic fragments on plasma membranes the presence of antigens in body fluids only carried out by antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Presence of antigens or antigenic fragments on plasma membranes (Antigen presentation triggers specific defenses. When cells either phagocytize or become infected by an antigen, they display pieces of the antigen on their plasma membranes, attached to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. B cells and T cells can recognize an antigen attached to MHC, and this is what activates them.)

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would opsonize pathogens. activate antibodies. produce a fever. cause inflammation. activate complement.

Produce a fever

Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the spleen. thymus. circulation. red bone marrow. yellow marrow.

Red bone marrow

Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the thymus. kidneys. red bone marrow. liver. spleen.

Red bone marrow

Which action of the complement system increases the degree of inflammation and accelerates blood flow to the region? pore formation release of histamine opsonization secretion of properdin

Release of histamine

Lymph nodes do all of the following except monitor the contents of lymph. produce antibodies through B cells. remove excess nutrients from the lymph. accumulate cancer cells. remove debris and pathogens from the lymph.

Remove excess nutrients from lymph

Lymphocytes are primarily found in red bone marrow. destroy red blood cells. decrease in number during infection. respond to antigens. are actively phagocytic.

Respond to antigens

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the left arm and shoulder. right breast. right knee and the right breast. pelvic viscera. right knee.

Right breast

Choose the correct statement pertaining to allergies. Allergic rhinitis is an example of systemic allergic reactions. An example of localized allergic reactions is anaphylaxis. Sensitization to an allergen during the initial exposure leads to the production of large quantities of IgE. The tendency to produce IgG antibodies in response to specific allergens may be genetically determined.

Sensitization to an allergen during the initial exposure leads to the production of large quantities of IgE.

In general, lymphocytes are produced and mature only in red bone marrow. have two nuclei. spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue. are located primarily in the blood stream. have relatively short life spans.

Spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell. nodule NK plasma T B

T

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of red blood cells. T cells. B lymphocytes. NK cells. neutrophils.

T cells

Which cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity? NK cells T cells B cells plasma cells

T cells

Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in the adult thymus. the adult spleen. bone marrow. the tonsils. Peyer's patches.

The adult spleen

Which of the following statements about lymph flow in a node is false? The efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum. Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic. The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum. Lymph flows past dendritic cells. Lymph first enters the subcapsular space.

The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum.

T Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except lymph node organs. the spleen. lymphatic nodules. the thymus. the brain.

The brain

Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes. the lymph nodes are actively producing phagocytes. the focus of the infection is the lymph nodes. the lymph nodes have increased their secretion of thymosin. lymph is not flowing consistently through these lymph nodes.

The lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except lymphatic vessels. the spleen. lymph. the venae cavae. lymph nodes.

The venae cavae

Lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way? They contain T lymphocytes and lymphatic tissues do not. They are found in the digestive tract and lymphatic tissues are found in the thorax. They cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphatic tissues can. They occur throughout the body except in the head. They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not.

They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not.

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons? secrete organic solvent secrete free radicals secrete strong acid secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis secrete mutant proteins that get incorporated into the target's DNA

secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis

The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct. the thoracic and mediastinal ducts two great vessels the right lumbar, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks superior and inferior lymphatic ducts the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

Lymph nodes range in diameter from 1 nm to 10 nm. 1 inch to 2 inches. 1 mm to 25 mm. 1 cm to 1 inch. 1 cm to 25 cm.

1-25

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature greater than 38.9 °C (102°F). 37.5°C (99.5°F). 37.2°C (99°F). 37°C (98.6°F). 40.6°C (105°F).

99

Lymphocyte production and maturation involves bone marrow. peripheral lymphatic tissues. thymus tissue. stem cells. All of the answers are correct.

ALL

Lymphatic capillaries are known for having larger diameters and looser walls than blood capillaries. having shingle-like endothelial cells. being the starting point of the lymphatic circulation. being the smallest lymphatic vessels. All of the answers are correct.

ALl

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it activates B cells. lies in the anterior mediastinum. involutes after puberty. reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life. produces T cells.

Activates B cells

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by immunological surveillance. adaptive immunity. skin defenses. innate immunity. fever.

Adaptive immunity

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include sebaceous glands. epidermal layers. epithelia. mucus. All of the answers are correct.

All

Inflammation produces localized pain. redness. swelling. heat. All of the answers are correct.

All

Innate defenses include interferons. inflammation. physical barriers. phagocytic cells. All of the answers are correct.

All

Lymphocytes may be found in which of the following tissues or organs? thymus tonsils lymph nodes spleen All of the answers are correct.

All

Characteristics of adaptive defenses include versatility. memory. tolerance. specificity. All of the answers are correct.

All are correct

Free phagocytes found in the air sacs of the lungs are called alveolar macrophages. microglia. histiocytes. pleurocytes. Kupffer cells.

Alveolar macrophages

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to a plasma protein. a cell surface antigen. the plasma membrane of bacteria. the cell wall of bacteria. an antibody attached to an antigen

An antibody attached to an antigen

The body's innate defenses include all of the following except antibodies. interferon. the skin. complement. inflammation.

Antibodies

Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the groin. throat. periphery. renal arteries. CNS.

CNS

Which statement is most accurate regarding immunological escape? If a primary tumor has a surrounding capsule, the cells within absolutely cannot provoke a massive response by NK cells. Once immunological escape has occurred, cancer cells remain stationary. Daughter cells that display tumor-specific antigens will not be attacked by NK cells. Cancer cells often mutate and can sometimes avoid detection by NK cells.

Cancer cells often mutate and can sometimes avoid detection by NK cells.

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called infection. diapedesis. polarity. chemotaxis. cytotoxicity.

Chemotaxis

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except redness of the inflamed tissue. heat of the inflamed tissue. swelling of the inflamed tissue. movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. chemotaxis of phagocytes.

Chemotaxis of phagocytes

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the cisterna chyli. thoracic sinus. thoracic trunk. thoracic ventricle. hilum.

Cisterna Chyli

Which is an expanded, saclike chamber that receives lymph from the inferior part of the abdomen, the pelvis, and the lower limbs? lumbar trunk right lymphatic duct thoracic duct cisterna chyli

Cisterna chyli

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except complement. basement membranes. epithelium. secretions. body hair.

Complement

Which lymph node structure is dominated by T cells? deep cortex outer cortex medullary sinus hilum

Deep cortex

The primary function of the lymphatic system is defending the body against both external and internal threats. the production and maturation of leukocytes. the production and distribution of plasma proteins. the transport of hormones. circulation of nutrients and dissolved gases.

Defending the body against both external and internal threats

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called diffusion. transcytosis. adherens. chemotaxis. diapedesis.

Diapedesis

The ________ lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum. lateral afferent efferent descending ascending

Efferent

Phagocytic cells that are permanent residents of specific tissues and organs are called monocytes. neutrophils. leukocytes. fixed macrophages. local macrophages.

FIxed macrophages

Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? free and fixed macrophages. B lymphocytes. Natural Killer cells. T lymphocytes. neutrophils.

Free and Fixed macrophages

Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule. germinal center capsular space sinus regions cortical layer stroma

Germinal center

The term lymphadenopathy refers to a congenital lack or malformation of lymph nodes. accumulations of lymph in the tissue space. a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes. increased numbers of circulating lymphocytes. the lack of lymphocytes in peripheral circulation.

a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes

Memory Tc cells: are produced by the thousands, but they do not differentiate further the first time the antigen triggers an immune response. immediately differentiate into helper T cells, producing a prompt, effective cellular response that can overwhelm an invading organism. suppress the responses of other T cells and of B cells, and they limit the degree of immune system activation. are highly mobile cells that roam throughout injured tissues.

are produced by the thousands, but they do not differentiate further the first time the antigen triggers an immune response.

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles. have only a tunica interna. are frequently irregular in shape. have no basement membrane. are smaller in diameter.

are smaller in diameter