Chapter 21 MASTER
A decrease in total body water of only______will trigger thirst. A) 1% B) 10% C) 25% D) 58%
A) 1%
What blood pH occurs with the condition called alkalosis? A) Above 7.45 B) 7.35 to 7.45 C) Below 7.35
A) Above 7.45
Why does drinking alcohol increase the volume of urine produced? A) Alcohol inhibits ADH release. B) Alcohol stimulates aldosterone release. C) Alcohol directly acts on proximal convoluted tubules to increase sodium reabsorption. D) Alcohol blocks the action of atrial natriuretic peptide.
A) Alcohol inhibits ADH release.
What occurs with Addison disease? A) Aldosterone deficiency and loss of extracellular sodium B) Aldosterone deficiency and increased extracellular sodium C) Excessive aldosterone secretion and loss of extracellular sodium D) Excessive aldosterone secretion and increased extracellular sodium
A) Aldosterone deficiency and loss of extracellular sodium
Which of the following is a type of transcellular fluid? A) Cerebrospinal fluid B) Interstitial fluid C) Blood plasma D) Cytoplasm
A) Cerebrospinal fluid
Marielle is very thirsty following her tennis game. She drinks for a few minutes, then stops. What is the stimulus for her to stop drinking? A) Distension of her stomach B) Hormones secreted by stomach cells C) Changes in intracellular fluid concentration D) Changes in extracellular fluid concentration
A) Distension of her stomach
In terms of electrolyte concentrations, how does extracellular fluid compare to intracellular fluid? A) ECF has higher sodium and lower potassium ionconcentrations. B) ECF has higher sodium and higher potassium ionconcentrations. C) ECF has lower sodium and lower potassium ionconcentrations. D) ECF has lower sodium and higher potassium ionconcentrations.
A) ECF has higher sodium and lower potassium ion concentrations.
In the bicarbonate buffer system, acts as a weak base. A) HCO 3 - B) CO 2 C) H 2CO 3 D) H +
A) HCO 3 -
What role can ammonia (NH 3) play in acid-base balance? A) In renal tubules, it can buffer excess H +. B) In intracellular fluid, it can release H + when pH gets too high. C) In the tissues, it can bind carbon dioxide so that CO 2 is unable to undergo the bicarbonate reaction, lowering tissue pH. D) In red blood cells, the presence of ammonia enhances the rate of ionization of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion and H +.
A) In renal tubules, it can buffer excess H +.
1) What is the action of the hormone aldosterone? A) Increased reabsorption of sodium ions from kidney tubules B) Increased secretion of calcium ions into kidney tubules C) Increased kidney tubule permeability to water D) Increased reabsorption of potassium from kidney tubules
A) Increased reabsorption of sodium ions from kidney tubules
What is a stimulus for release of aldosterone? A) Increasing potassium ion concentration B) Increasing blood osmolarity C) Increasing sodium ionconcentration D) Increasing calcium ionconcentration
A) Increasing potassium ion concentration
How does activation of the renin-angiotensin system affect electrolyte balance? A) It stimulates release of aldosterone, which alters the handling of sodium and potassium by the kidneys. B) It stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone, which alters the handling of sodium and potassium by the kidneys. C) It directly stimulates the absorption of calcium from the small intestines and the reabsorption of calcium from kidney tubules. D) It enhances thirst, altering total body water content which, in turn, alters electrolyte concentrations in the ECF.
A) It stimulates release of aldosterone, which alters the handling of sodium and potassium by the kidneys.
Baby Britney develops a respiratory infection in both lungs, resulting in an accumulation of fluid in the alveoli. What condition can occur as a result? A) Respiratory acidosis B) Respiratory alkalosis C) Metabolic acidosis D) Metabolic alkalosis
A) Respiratory acidosis
What is an effect of hypokalemia? A) Severe arrhythymias B) Acne C) Excessive sweating D) Diabetes insipidus
A) Severe arrhythymias
A growing child develops overactive parathyroid glands, leading to chronic hypercalcemia. Which of the following is most likely a symptom the child will experience? A) Stunted growth due to constant osteoclast stimulation B) Cardiac arrhythmia caused by lack of calcium C) High concentration of calcium excreted in the urine D) High plasma phosphate concentration
A) Stunted growth due to constant osteoclast stimulation
One of the main ingredients in a common antacid is sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3), which dissociates into sodium ion and bicarbonate ion.Which of the following best explains the antacid properties of this ingredient? A) The bicarbonate ions bind to hydrogen ions in the stomach fluid, neutralizing the acid and raising the pH. B) The sodium ions bind to hydroxyl ions (OH -) in the stomach fluid, neutralizing the acid and raising the pH. C) The bicarbonate ions break down into CO 2, carbon, and H +, decreasing the pH. D) The bicarbonate ions bind to hydroxyl ions (OH -) in the stomach fluid, forming carbonic acid, decreasing the pH.
A) The bicarbonate ions bind to hydrogen ions in the stomach fluid, neutralizing the acid and raising the pH.
What is the function of a diuretic? A) To promote urine production B) To increase sodium reabsorption from the kidneys C) To increase glucose secretion into kidney tubules D) To increase potassium reabsorption from the kidneys
A) To promote urine production
The thirst center in the hypothalamus is stimulated by_______of the extracellular fluid, and is inhibited by_________. A) an increase in the osmotic pressure; distension of the stomach by water B) a decrease in the osmotic pressure; stimulation of osmoreceptors C) a decrease in sodium ions; an increase in sodium ions D) nerve impulses from the cerebrum; nerve impulses from the thalamus
A) an increase in the osmotic pressure; distension of the stomach by water
Increased carbon dioxide production is associated with a(n)_________ in fluid pH. A) decrease B) increase
A) decrease
Prolonged vomiting of stomach contents can lead to . A) metabolic alkalosis B) metabolic acidosis C) respiratory alkalosis D) respiratory acidosis
A) metabolic alkalosis
Which of the following would have a low water content? A) The intracellular environment B) Adipose tissue C) The biceps brachii muscle D) The vitreous humor of the eye
B) Adipose tissue
Which of the following processes releases hydrogen ions into body fluids? A) Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis B) Aerobic respiration of glucose C) Production of carbonic acid D) Conversion of monohydrogen phosphate ions to dihydrogen phosphate
B) Aerobic respiration of glucose
What components of amino acids are important in the protein buffer system? A) Amino groups and R groups B) Amino and carboxyl groups C) Monocarbonate and bicarbonate groups D) Monohydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate groups
B) Amino and carboxyl groups
How do buffer systems minimize pH changes? A) By converting weak acids to strong acids B) By converting strong acids to weak acids C) By increasing breathing rate D) By promoting the excretion of hydrogen ions
B) By converting strong acids to weak acids
Which of the following will cause the respiratory center to increase the breathing rate? A) Decrease in plasma concentration of carbonic acid B) Decrease in plasma pH C) Increase in plasma osmolarity D) Increase in plasma concentration of bicarbonate ion
B) Decrease in plasma pH
Today, Carson has consumed about 1,800 mL of water in total. He is concerned that he is not meeting the recommended levels of daily water intake. What might he do to make sure he reaches his goal? A) Try not to urinate that day B) Eat food containing at least 750mL of water C) Stay out of the sun and don't sweat at all D) Drink another 200mL of water
B) Eat food containing at least 750mL of water
In the phosphate buffer system, which compound is the weak base? A) H + B) HPO 4 -2 C) H 2PO 4 -
B) HPO 4 -2
Heather donated the maximum allowed amount of blood at a blood drive, which is around 10% of her total blood volume. How will this affect her thirst mechanism? A) Distension of her stomach due to blood loss will trigger thirst. B) Her loss of blood volume will stimulate stretch receptors in the cardiovascular system which stimulate the thirst center and make her feel thirsty. C) Her loss of blood volume will stimulate stretch receptors in the cardiovascular system which inhibit signalling to the thirst center, reducing her sense of thirst. D) The renin-angiotensin system will release hormones that suppress the thirst center.
B) Her loss of blood volume will stimulate stretch receptors in the cardiovascular system which stimulate the thirst center and make her feel thirsty.
What factors are most important in influencing the movement of fluid between compartments? A) Diffusion and osmosis B) Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure C) Pinocytosis and phagocytosis D) Active and passive transport
B) Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
Jon has a condition in which he never feels thirsty even though he is frequently dehydrated. His doctor suspects that the problem is with the area of the brain that monitors blood osmolarity. What area of the brain will the doctor want to have imaged? A) Thalamus B) Hypothalamus C) Midbrain D) Medulla oblongata
B) Hypothalamus
What process can compensate for respiratory alkalosis? A) Increase in breathing rate B) Increase in secretion of bases by the kidneys C) Decrease in breathing rate D) Increase in secretion of hydrogen ion by the kidneys
B) Increase in secretion of bases by the kidneys
Which of the following would be most helpful in treating hypocalcemia? A) Removing the parathyroid glands B) Ingesting calcium salts and high doses of vitamin D C) Stimulating calcium excretion by the kidneys D) Avoiding foods that are high in calcium
B) Ingesting calcium salts and high doses of vitamin D
Which of the following can result in hypernatremia? A) Hypothermia B) Insufficient ADH secretion C) Excessive fluid intake D) Excessive use of antacids
B) Insufficient ADH secretion
1) What is an effect of drinking too much water? A) Osmoreceptors gain water and swell; ADH release is stimulated. B) Osmoreceptors gain water and swell; ADH release is inhibited. C) Osmoreceptors lose water and shrink; ADH release is stimulated. D) Osmoreceptors lose water and shrink; ADH release is inhibited.
B) Osmoreceptors gain water and swell; ADH release is inhibited.
Since hydrostatic pressure in cells and in the surrounding interstitial fluid is typically equal, what is the cause of fluid movement between these two compartments? A) Active transport B) Osmotic pressure C) Filtration pressure D) Pinocytosis
B) Osmotic pressure
What acid-base imbalance results from hyperventilation? A) Respiratory acidosis B) Respiratory alkalosis C) Metabolic acidosis D) Metabolic alkalosis
B) Respiratory alkalosis
While studying for her upcoming exam, Karen develops severe heartburn. She takes nine sodium bicarbonate-based antacids, which is more than triple the recommended dosage. How might her body compensate for the acid-base imbalance that results from this overdose? A) The kidneys increase the secretion and excretion of hydrogen ions. B) The respiratory centers will decrease breathing rate, allowing CO 2 to accumulate. C) The chemical buffer monohydrogen phosphate will bind up excess H + ions. D) The kidneys will decrease the secretion and excretion of bicarbonate ions.
B) The respiratory centers will decrease breathing rate, allowing CO 2 to accumulate.
1) On average, an individual will drink enough fluids to take in_______milliliters of water per day. A) 500 B) 1,000 C) 1,500 D) 2,500
C) 1,500
1) What is the ratio of intracellular to extracellular fluids in the body of an average male? A) 1:1 B) 1:2 C) 2:1 D) 3:2
C) 2:1
What is metabolic water? A) Water that a person drinks after exercising B) Water that is in food C) A by-product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients D) Water consumed in beverages
C) A by-product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients
What is edema? A) A response to dehydration B) Hyperproteinemia C) Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid D) Decreased venous pressure
C) Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid
Baby Britney develops a respiratory infection in both lungs, causing an accumulation of fluid in the alveoli. How might her body try to compensate for the resulting acid-base imbalance? A) By decreasing the breathing rate B) By reducing the surface area for gas exchange C) By increasing excretion of H + by the kidneys D) By increasing rate and depth of breathing
C) By increasing excretion of H + by the kidneys
One mole of the carbohydrate sucrose and two moles of the electrolyte potassium chloride (KCl) are placed in one liter of water. After dissolution of the particles, what is the osmolarity of the solution? A) Three osmoles per liter B) Four osmoles per liter C) Five osmoles per liter D) Six osmoles per liter
C) Five osmoles per liter
1) What is the largest compartment of extracellular fluid? A) Plasma B) Lymph C) Interstitial fluid D) Transcellular fluid
C) Interstitial fluid
Lara had a procedure in which a gastric band was placed around her stomach, reducing the volume that the stomach could hold. How will this affect her thirst? A) She would be more thirsty all of the time. B) No aspect of her thirst mechanism is altered. C) Less water intake is needed to satisfy her thirst. D) She will continue to be thirsty after drinking.
C) Less water intake is needed to satisfy her thirst.
What is meant by the phrase acid-base balance? A) Maintenance of the correct amount of bicarbonate ion in the blood B) Maintenance of the correct amount of carbonic acid in the blood C) Maintenance of the correct amount of hydrogen ion in the blood D) Maintenance of the correct amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
C) Maintenance of the correct amount of hydrogen ion in the blood
How does ADH in the blood influence water output? A) The glomerular filtration rate is altered. B) The amount of water reabsorbed at the nephron loops is altered. C) The amount of water reabsorbed at the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts is altered. D) The amount of sodium ions reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts is altered.
C) The amount of water reabsorbed at the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts is altered.
In response to the action of________ sodium ions are conserved and potassium ions are excreted in the urine. A) atrial natriuretic peptide B) angiotensin C) aldosterone D) antidiuretic hormone
C) aldosterone
What blood pH occurs with the condition called acidosis? A) above 7.45 B) 7.35 to 7.45 C) below 7.35
C) below 7.35
Compared to the body of an average adult male, the body of an average adult female will have . A) more water and more adipose tissue B) more water and less adipose tissue C) less water and more adipose tissue D) less water and less adipose tissue
C) less water and more adipose tissue
In diabetes mellitus, fatty acids may be incompletely oxidized, leading to the formation of ketone bodies. The accumulation of ketone bodies can lead to . A) respiratory acidosis B) respiratory alkalosis C) metabolic acidosis D) metabolic alkalosis
C) metabolic acidosis
High concentrations of______ are found in intracellular fluid. A) chloride and potassium ions B) sodium and phosphate ions C) potassium and phosphate ions D) sodium and chloride ions
C) potassium and phosphate ions
Dehydration can be caused by . A) excessive water intake B) prolonged sleep deprivation C) prolonged vomiting or prolonged diarrhea D) obstruction of airways
C) prolonged vomiting or prolonged diarrhea
The body of an average adult male is about water by weight. A) 35% B) 45% C) 55% D) 65%
D) 65%
Why are water balance and electrolyte balance considered to be interdependent? A) Because water dissolves in electrolytes B) Because water and electrolytes are both in an ionic state in the blood C) Because both form ions in blood D) Because electrolytes are dissolved in water
D) Because electrolytes are dissolved in water
How does the respiratory system function as a physiological buffer? A) By changing breathing rate, the P O2 of the blood is changed, which helps to reestablish a normal pH. B) By changing breathing rate, the P CO2 of the blood is changed, leading to a change in blood pH. C) By changing breathing rate, the amount of hydrogen ion expelled via the exhaled air can be changed. This will alter blood pH. D) By changing breathing rate, the amount of bicarbonate ion expelled via the exhaled air can be changed. This will alter blood pH.
D) By changing breathing rate, the amount of bicarbonate ion expelled via the exhaled air can be changed. This will alter blood pH.
A county fair held a water-drinking contest in which people competed to see who could drink the most water in a set amount of time. During the competition, a man drank three gallons of water in under an hour and a half. Unfortunately, he died several hours after he won the competition. What caused this man's death? A) He consumed more water than his body could not use. Fluid accumulated in his lungs and he drowned. B) The increase in total body water content caused his kidneys to be overworked and to eventually fail. C) The concentration of sodium in his body tripled, causing the activity of his nervous system to be suppressed. D) His electrolytes became too diluted to maintain fluid distribution across compartments. Due to osmosis, water shifted into his cells causing them to burst.
D) His electrolytes became too diluted to maintain fluid distribution across compartments. Due to osmosis, water shifted into his cells causing them to burst.
A nurse is administering a high-concentration potassium solution to a patient with a diet- based potassium deficiency. Unaware of the initial treatment, another nurse administers a drug that inhibits secretion of aldosterone to treat the same deficiency. Which of the following conditions will most likely occur as a result? A) Hypokalemia B) Hypocalcemia C) Hypercalcemia D) Hyperkalemia
D) Hyperkalemia
While studying for her upcoming exam, Karen develops severe heartburn. She takes nine sodium bicarbonate-based antacids, which is more than triple the recommended dosage. She could potentially develop what acid-base imbalance? A) Respiratory acidosis B) Respiratory alkalosis C) Metabolic acidosis D) Metabolic alkalosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis
Which of the following is a physiological buffer? A) Bicarbonate buffer B) Phosphate buffer C) Protein buffer D) Renal mechanism
D) Renal mechanism
How is a strong acid different from a weak acid? A) Strong acids ionize more completely than weak acids. B) Stong acids release hydrogen ions into solution; weak acids release hydroxide ions (OH-) C) Stong acids release hydroxide ions (OH-) into solution; weak acids release hydrogen ions D) Strong acids partially ionize; weak acids ionize more completely.
D) Strong acids partially ionize; weak acids ionize more completely.
Why are the chemical buffers considered the first line of defense against shifts in pH? A) They have fewer components than other regulators of pH. B) They are slow to react and have prolonged effects. C) They occur in everyone. D) They can rapidly correct pH change.
D) They can rapidly correct pH change.
By what route would a person in a moderate environment lose the greatest volume of water? A) Sweat B) Breathing C) Feces D) Urine
D) Urine
A water imbalance called hypotonic hydration can lead to . A) hyponatremia B) diminished diuresis C) heatstroke D) excessive thirst
D) excessive thirst
A blood pH of 7.2 inhibits the respiratory center in the brainstem and decreases CO 2 level. ⊚ true ⊚ false
false
Antidiuretic hormone is released in response to a decrease in the osmotic pressure of blood. ⊚ true ⊚ false
false
Hyperventilating during an anxiety attack can lead to respiratory acidosis. ⊚ true ⊚ false
false
Normally, fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries as a result of active transport. ⊚ true ⊚ false
false
Parathyroid hormone increases phosphate reabsorption from the renal tubules. ⊚ true ⊚ false
false
The thirst mechanism is usually not triggered until the volume of the body water has been decreased by 5-10%. ⊚ true ⊚ false
false
Chemical buffer systems act rapidly against shifts in pH, whereas physiological buffer systems function more slowly. ⊚ true ⊚ false
true
Factors that alter water balance will also alter electrolyte balance. ⊚ true ⊚ false
true
In a healthy body, the volume of water remains relatively stable at all times. ⊚ true ⊚ false
true
Sometimes the carboxyl groups of proteins release hydrogen ions. ⊚ true ⊚ false
true
The greatest output of electrolytes normally is in urine. ⊚ true ⊚ false
true
The kidneys help to regulate the hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids by altering the rate at which hydrogen ions are secreted. ⊚ true ⊚ false
true
When proteins can acts as buffers, their -COOH groups can accept H + in the presence of excess acid, and their -NH 3 groups can release H + in the presence of excess base. ⊚ true ⊚ false
true