Chapter- 21 Nutrition
Toxicity
Condition that results from exposure to excess amounts of a substance that does not cause adverse effects in a small amount
Hypokalemia
A severe deficiency of potassium leads to what?
Vegetarians, people over 50,people who've had stomach surgery
Groups at risk for low intake of vitamin B12
Zero
Healthy adults who maintain their weight maybe at ________ nitrogen balance
20
Ho many different amino acids are used in the human body?
It's excreted through the urine
How does the body get rid of excess water soluble vitamins?
As glycogen
How does the body store the extra carbohydrates?
More than 50 years
How long have DRI's been used for?
31%; 65 million
How many Americans suffer from hypertension?
Negative
If the body loses more nitrogen that its producing then it is in __________ nitrogen balance
Positive
If the body uses less nitrogen than consumed then it is in ______ nitrogen balance
Intrinsic factor
If you don't have any B12 you don't have alot of what?
Pernicious Anemia
If you don't have any intrensic factor what condition could you develop?
Moderate Potassium defiency
Increased blood pressure, increased risk of kidney stones, and increased bone loss are all conditions possibly cause by what?
K
Liver disease affects what vitamins production?
Essential nutrients
Nutrients that our bodies are unable to make in the amounts essential for good health
Vitamin D
Obtained in two ways: either in liver, egg yolks, fish, and fortified products or exposure to sunlight; necessary for calcium metabolism
Zero nitrogen balance
Occurs when the amount of nitrogen consumed is equal to the amount excreted
Vitamins
Organic compounds that are essential in small quantities for normal physiologic and metabolic functioning of the body
the type of nitrogen balance the body is in
Protein metabolism is determined by what ?
Incomplete
Proteins lacking in one or more of the essential amino acids
Complete
Proteins that are generally of animal origin and are found in foods such as meat, poultry, fish, milk, cheese, eggs, and soy.
Incomplete
Proteins that are of plant origin,and are found in grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds.
Cholesterol
Provides specific functions in the body; however provides no energy
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
Refers to a set of nutrient-based values that serve for both assessing and planning diets.
Nitrogen balance
The amount of nitrogen that is excreted in any given time
Adipose tissue
The body's storage form of fat and helps insulate the body from temperature extremes; serves as a cushion to protect organs and other tissues;
Metabolism
The combination of all chemical processes that occur in living organisms
Increase
Trans fatty acids tend to ________ the blood cholesterol levels.
Monosaccharies and disaccharides
Two types of simple sugars
Vitamin B12
Vitamin found in animal fats that requires a special intrinsic factor to be absorbed
Vitamin C
Vitamin that claims to help prevent the common cold and cancer
Folic Acid
Vitamin that helps play a role in reducing the risk neural tube defects in an infant.
Vitamin K
Vitamin that plays a role in blood clotting
Antioxidant
Vitamins that function by delaying or preventing the destruction or breakdown of cell membranes in the presence of oxygen.
Antioxidant vitamins
Vitamins that have a possible link to reduce risks of certain cancers and heart disease; E,C, Beta-Carotine
Provide energy, Build and repair tissue, Regulate body processes
What 3 basic functions that nutrients perform?
Milk, Fruit
What are simple sugars naturally found in?
Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Water
What are the 6 essential nutrients?
21-38 g/day
What are the current recommendations for daily intake of fiber?
A D E K
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
Activity, Moderation, Variety, Proportionality
What are the four key points of the MyPyramid?
Saturated and unsaturated
What are the two classifications of fatty acids?
Major, trace
What are the two classifications of minerals?
Simple, complex
What are the two classsifications of carbohydrates?
A glycerol, a three-carbon chain, three fatty acids
What are triglycerides composed of?
Fats and cholesterol
What are two types of lipids?
Dietary fat
What causes satiety?
Major
What classification are calcium,phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, potassium, sodium, and chloride?
Trace
What classification are iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, manganese, chromium, fluoride, and molybdenum?
coronary heart disease, colon cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes
What diseases are vegetarians at lower risk for?
Organ meats; egg yolks
What foods contain the highest level of dietary cholesterol?
Food Stamps, WIC, School breakfast and lunch programs
What groups are directly affected by the guidelines fof nutrition formed by the U.S federal government?
Catabolism
What is another word for negative nitrogen balance?
Anabolism
What is another word for positive nitrogen balance?
30 miutes outside of normal activity
What is the daily recommendation for physical activity?
To provide energy
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
Fatigue
What is the number one sign of vitamin toxicity?
1000 mg/day for those under 50; 1200 mg/day for those over 50
What is the recommended daily intake of calcium for adults?
4700 mg
What is the recommended daily intake of potassium for an adult?
1300 mg/day
What is the recommended intake of calcium for a child/adolescent?
Lifetime B12 shots
What is the treatment for pernicious anemia?
Simple
What kind of charbohydrate is refined sugar?
Saturated
What kind of fatty acids increase blood cholesterol levels?
Osteoporosis, hypertension
What two conditions does calcium have a protective effect against?
B12
What vitamin do vegetarians need to take as a supplement
B and C
What vitamins are water soluble?
Plant sterols
What will decrease cholesterol levels in the blood?
Glucose
Where does the brain derive all of its energy from?
Because vitamins are a compound; minerals are elements
Why can vitamins be broken down by heat, light, and exposure to air but minerals are not?
618
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Complete
A protein that contains all 9 essential amino acids in sufficient quantity and ration for the body's needs
Nutrient
A chemical compound or element found in food that is neccessary for good health
Osteoporosis
A condition where there is an abnormal reduction in bone density leading to bone fractures, loss of stature, and deformities
Unsaturated
A fatty acid that has one or more places on its chemical chain where hydrogen is missing
Saturated
A fatty acid whose chemical bonds are completely filled with hydrogen
Polyunsaturated
A fatty acid with more than one point of unsaturation
Monounsaturated
A fatty acid with only one point of unsaturation
Lipids
A group of organic substances of a fatty nature that are insoluable in water and necessary for good health.
Cholesterol
A lipid belonging to a class of chemical substances called sterols
Kilocalorie
A measurement of energy
Sodium
A mineral that is essential to health, an electrolyte, and too much causes elevated blood pressure.
Hydrogenation
A process in which hydrogen is added to vegetable oil to make it more solid and stable, and less susceptible to spoil
As fat in the adipose tissue
After the glycogen stores are filled up where does the body store the extra carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
All carbohydrates except fiber are broken down into ________ before they are absorbed and eventually turned into glucose
Essential amino acids
Amino acids that the body doesn't make in sufficient quantity to sustain health
Carbohydrates
Any of a certain group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Examples are sugars, starch, cellulose, and gum
No
Are supplements necessary most of time?
Kwashiorkor
Condition that occurs as a result of severe protein restriction in the presence of other calories; characterized by edema in the in the feet, legs, abdomen, face, and hands
Marasmus
Condition that occurs secondary to severe restrictions in both kilocalories and protein. Chronic characterized by wasting away of body tissues
Unsaturated
Fats that are usually from plants and are liquid at room temperature
Saturated
Fatty acids that are generally of animal origin and solid at room temperature
Satiety
Feeling of fullness and satisfaction of food
Minerals
Inorganic elements that are essential in small quantities for normal physiological and metabolic functioning of the body
Potassium
Mineral that is an electrolyte and needed for normal cell function
Lippoproteins
Molecules made up of lipid surrounded by protein.
Amino acids
Small units that make up proteins
Vegan
Strict vegetarian that doesn't eat any animal products
Saccharides
Sugar units
Nutrition
The total of all processes that involve taking in and using food substances for proper growth, functioning, and maintenence of health.
B vitamins
These vitamins are essential for the body to derive energy from food
