Chapter- 21 Nutrition

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Toxicity

Condition that results from exposure to excess amounts of a substance that does not cause adverse effects in a small amount

Hypokalemia

A severe deficiency of potassium leads to what?

Vegetarians, people over 50,people who've had stomach surgery

Groups at risk for low intake of vitamin B12

Zero

Healthy adults who maintain their weight maybe at ________ nitrogen balance

20

Ho many different amino acids are used in the human body?

It's excreted through the urine

How does the body get rid of excess water soluble vitamins?

As glycogen

How does the body store the extra carbohydrates?

More than 50 years

How long have DRI's been used for?

31%; 65 million

How many Americans suffer from hypertension?

Negative

If the body loses more nitrogen that its producing then it is in __________ nitrogen balance

Positive

If the body uses less nitrogen than consumed then it is in ______ nitrogen balance

Intrinsic factor

If you don't have any B12 you don't have alot of what?

Pernicious Anemia

If you don't have any intrensic factor what condition could you develop?

Moderate Potassium defiency

Increased blood pressure, increased risk of kidney stones, and increased bone loss are all conditions possibly cause by what?

K

Liver disease affects what vitamins production?

Essential nutrients

Nutrients that our bodies are unable to make in the amounts essential for good health

Vitamin D

Obtained in two ways: either in liver, egg yolks, fish, and fortified products or exposure to sunlight; necessary for calcium metabolism

Zero nitrogen balance

Occurs when the amount of nitrogen consumed is equal to the amount excreted

Vitamins

Organic compounds that are essential in small quantities for normal physiologic and metabolic functioning of the body

the type of nitrogen balance the body is in

Protein metabolism is determined by what ?

Incomplete

Proteins lacking in one or more of the essential amino acids

Complete

Proteins that are generally of animal origin and are found in foods such as meat, poultry, fish, milk, cheese, eggs, and soy.

Incomplete

Proteins that are of plant origin,and are found in grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds.

Cholesterol

Provides specific functions in the body; however provides no energy

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)

Refers to a set of nutrient-based values that serve for both assessing and planning diets.

Nitrogen balance

The amount of nitrogen that is excreted in any given time

Adipose tissue

The body's storage form of fat and helps insulate the body from temperature extremes; serves as a cushion to protect organs and other tissues;

Metabolism

The combination of all chemical processes that occur in living organisms

Increase

Trans fatty acids tend to ________ the blood cholesterol levels.

Monosaccharies and disaccharides

Two types of simple sugars

Vitamin B12

Vitamin found in animal fats that requires a special intrinsic factor to be absorbed

Vitamin C

Vitamin that claims to help prevent the common cold and cancer

Folic Acid

Vitamin that helps play a role in reducing the risk neural tube defects in an infant.

Vitamin K

Vitamin that plays a role in blood clotting

Antioxidant

Vitamins that function by delaying or preventing the destruction or breakdown of cell membranes in the presence of oxygen.

Antioxidant vitamins

Vitamins that have a possible link to reduce risks of certain cancers and heart disease; E,C, Beta-Carotine

Provide energy, Build and repair tissue, Regulate body processes

What 3 basic functions that nutrients perform?

Milk, Fruit

What are simple sugars naturally found in?

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Water

What are the 6 essential nutrients?

21-38 g/day

What are the current recommendations for daily intake of fiber?

A D E K

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

Activity, Moderation, Variety, Proportionality

What are the four key points of the MyPyramid?

Saturated and unsaturated

What are the two classifications of fatty acids?

Major, trace

What are the two classifications of minerals?

Simple, complex

What are the two classsifications of carbohydrates?

A glycerol, a three-carbon chain, three fatty acids

What are triglycerides composed of?

Fats and cholesterol

What are two types of lipids?

Dietary fat

What causes satiety?

Major

What classification are calcium,phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, potassium, sodium, and chloride?

Trace

What classification are iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, manganese, chromium, fluoride, and molybdenum?

coronary heart disease, colon cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes

What diseases are vegetarians at lower risk for?

Organ meats; egg yolks

What foods contain the highest level of dietary cholesterol?

Food Stamps, WIC, School breakfast and lunch programs

What groups are directly affected by the guidelines fof nutrition formed by the U.S federal government?

Catabolism

What is another word for negative nitrogen balance?

Anabolism

What is another word for positive nitrogen balance?

30 miutes outside of normal activity

What is the daily recommendation for physical activity?

To provide energy

What is the main function of carbohydrates?

Fatigue

What is the number one sign of vitamin toxicity?

1000 mg/day for those under 50; 1200 mg/day for those over 50

What is the recommended daily intake of calcium for adults?

4700 mg

What is the recommended daily intake of potassium for an adult?

1300 mg/day

What is the recommended intake of calcium for a child/adolescent?

Lifetime B12 shots

What is the treatment for pernicious anemia?

Simple

What kind of charbohydrate is refined sugar?

Saturated

What kind of fatty acids increase blood cholesterol levels?

Osteoporosis, hypertension

What two conditions does calcium have a protective effect against?

B12

What vitamin do vegetarians need to take as a supplement

B and C

What vitamins are water soluble?

Plant sterols

What will decrease cholesterol levels in the blood?

Glucose

Where does the brain derive all of its energy from?

Because vitamins are a compound; minerals are elements

Why can vitamins be broken down by heat, light, and exposure to air but minerals are not?

618

...

Complete

A protein that contains all 9 essential amino acids in sufficient quantity and ration for the body's needs

Nutrient

A chemical compound or element found in food that is neccessary for good health

Osteoporosis

A condition where there is an abnormal reduction in bone density leading to bone fractures, loss of stature, and deformities

Unsaturated

A fatty acid that has one or more places on its chemical chain where hydrogen is missing

Saturated

A fatty acid whose chemical bonds are completely filled with hydrogen

Polyunsaturated

A fatty acid with more than one point of unsaturation

Monounsaturated

A fatty acid with only one point of unsaturation

Lipids

A group of organic substances of a fatty nature that are insoluable in water and necessary for good health.

Cholesterol

A lipid belonging to a class of chemical substances called sterols

Kilocalorie

A measurement of energy

Sodium

A mineral that is essential to health, an electrolyte, and too much causes elevated blood pressure.

Hydrogenation

A process in which hydrogen is added to vegetable oil to make it more solid and stable, and less susceptible to spoil

As fat in the adipose tissue

After the glycogen stores are filled up where does the body store the extra carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

All carbohydrates except fiber are broken down into ________ before they are absorbed and eventually turned into glucose

Essential amino acids

Amino acids that the body doesn't make in sufficient quantity to sustain health

Carbohydrates

Any of a certain group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Examples are sugars, starch, cellulose, and gum

No

Are supplements necessary most of time?

Kwashiorkor

Condition that occurs as a result of severe protein restriction in the presence of other calories; characterized by edema in the in the feet, legs, abdomen, face, and hands

Marasmus

Condition that occurs secondary to severe restrictions in both kilocalories and protein. Chronic characterized by wasting away of body tissues

Unsaturated

Fats that are usually from plants and are liquid at room temperature

Saturated

Fatty acids that are generally of animal origin and solid at room temperature

Satiety

Feeling of fullness and satisfaction of food

Minerals

Inorganic elements that are essential in small quantities for normal physiological and metabolic functioning of the body

Potassium

Mineral that is an electrolyte and needed for normal cell function

Lippoproteins

Molecules made up of lipid surrounded by protein.

Amino acids

Small units that make up proteins

Vegan

Strict vegetarian that doesn't eat any animal products

Saccharides

Sugar units

Nutrition

The total of all processes that involve taking in and using food substances for proper growth, functioning, and maintenence of health.

B vitamins

These vitamins are essential for the body to derive energy from food


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