Chapter 21 Review
Separate Spheres
A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as the wage earner.
Zollverein
A customs/tariff union that supported free trade between the German states. Friedrich List came up with the idea. Came into being in 1834, and allowed goods to move between the German member states without tariffs, while at the same time raising a single, uniform tariff against other nations.
Spinning Jenny
A simple, inexpensive, hand powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765
Mines Act of 1842
English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under age ten.
It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.
How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?
Workers worked many more days per year
How was the life of nonagricultural workers transformed between 1760 and 1830?
The scarcity of human capital
The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British included all of the following except
Establishment of limited liability investment
The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the
James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the 1780s
The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was
A single, distinct industrial use
To move from the laboratory into manufacturing, James Watt's steam engine needed all of the following except
The pressure of population growth would always sink wages to subsistence levels
Which of the following best explains David Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages?
Industrial Revolution
A term first coined in the 1830's to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron.
George Stephenson
Built the first effective locomotive, the Rocket, in 1825 after ten years of work.
Most people began to wear underwear
How did the expansion in cotton clothing affect Western dress?
The 'Rocket'
The first effective locomotive, it traveled down the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at sixteen miles per hour in 1830.
An English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium.
William Cockerill was...?
David Ricardo
(1772-1823) Created the Iron law of Wages, was a wealthy English Stockbroker and leading economist
Water Frame
A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
They drifted to towns and cities in search of employment and became urban laborers
As major railroad construction came to a close in Britain, what happened to the workers who built those lines?
Population always grew faster than the food supply
British economist Thomas Malthus argued that...?
Iron Law of Wages
Created by David Ricardo, this said that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence level. Wages would only ever be high enough to keep workers from starving.
Factory Act of 1833
English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over the age of 9 could work and requiring younger children to attend factory-run elementary schools.
Apprenticed Unfoundlings
Factory owners turned to young children who had been abandoned by their parents and put in the care of local parishes when adult workers were reluctant to work in the factory conditions. Parish officers often "apprenticed" such unfortunate foundlings to factory owners. This saved the parish money, and factory owners gained workers over whom they exercised almost the authority of slave owners.
As part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state
Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued
Friedrich Engels
German man who wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844). He accused England's middle classes of "mass murder," "wholesale robbery," and other crimes. Colleague of Karl Marx
Luddites
Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in England (1812); smashing machines which put them out of work.
Class-consciousness formed because many individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.
How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?
Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production
How did cotton transform the textile industry?
James Hargreaves
Invented the cotton-spinning jenny in about 1765
Cathedrals of the Industrial Age
Massive New Train Stations
Economic Nationalism
Policies aimed at protecting and developing a country's economy.
Robert Owen
Successful manufacturer from Scotland who supported more humane standards for child labor. He also created the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union in 1834, one of the largest and most visionary of early national unions.
Usually a response to the wishes of the families
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was
They received substantially lower wages than cottage work.
Workers resisted moving from cottage work into factories for all of the following reasons except...?
Following the Napoleonic Wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production
All of the following correctly characterize industrial growth patterns in Europe except...?
Combination Acts
English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.
-The countries had rich traditions of artisans and capitalists that could adapt well to the changing market -They could harness technology Britain had already developed -The power of the state could be used to promote industry
How did continental European countries, when they began to industrialize after 1815, have advantages that Great Britain had lacked? (2 Points)
Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages
How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?
Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.
How did railroads affect the nature of production?
The British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that...?
Industrial dominance of Britain
The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the...?
Textiles
This industry grew and expanded greatly during the Industrial Revolution as cotton came into play.
-The colonial empire that Britain built provided a growing market for British manufactured goods -Low food prices due to improvements in agriculture meant families could spend more on manufactured goods -Effective central bank -Government allowed the domestic market to operate with few controls (laissez-faire) -Because of its island location, it was easy for Britain to build canals and transport their goods on water
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain? (4 Points)
- Families wanted to be kept together -There wasn't a concern with kids working long hours or doing dangerous jobs -The apprentice system was forbidden by Parliament by 1802 so it brought in workers -Being with family made the work easier to tolerate --Mill owners favored family units because it helped develop a happy and high quality labor force
2. Why did both mill owners and families initially favor the family unit form of employment? (3 Points)
1.) Liberalism was created -- laissez-faire, free economy with no government intervention 2.) Beginnings of early socialism 3.) Class-consciousness developed 4.) Economic opportunities were expanded
5. How did the Industrial Revolution impact political and economic thought in 18th- and early 19th-century Europe? (4 Points)
Sought to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense
In Germany, Fritz Harkort...?
Crystal Palace
The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron
Liverpool-Manchester
The world's first important railroad's path, straight through the heart of industrial England. It was a technical and financial success, sparking the building of many more railroads by private companies.
Coal
Used in Britain for heating homes, it provided heat for producing products like beer, glass, and soap, and was eventually used to produce mechanical energy and power machinery like steam engines.
Much of the growth of the gross national product was eaten up by population growth
Which one of the following best characterizes the British economy between 1780 and 1851?
British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work
Who were the Luddites?
Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
-They caused an explosion in the textile industry by increasing the value of its output -The water frame required a factory that employed as many as one thousand workers from the start -Families no longer needed to constantly search for adequate yarn and cotton was available to all classes
Why did the cotton-spinning jenny and the water frame prove a crucial breakthrough for industrialization? (3 Points)
