Chapter 21. Social Movements and Social Change

Which of the following organizations is not an example of a social movement? 1. National Football League 2. Tea Party 3. Greenpeace 4. NAACP

1. National Football League

When sociologists think about technology as an agent of social change, which of the following is not an example? 1. Population growth 2. Medical advances 3. The Internet 4. Genetically engineered foo

1. Population growth

If a movement claims that the best way to reverse climate change is to reduce carbon emissions by outlawing privately owned cars, "outlawing cars" is the ________. 1. prognostic framing 2. diagnostic framing 3. motivational framing 4. frame transformation

1. prognostic framing

While PETA is a social movement organization, taken together, the animal rights social movement organizations PETA, ALF, and Greenpeace are a __________. 1. social movement industry 2. social movement sector 3. social movement party 4. social industry

1. social movement industry

Children in peripheral nations have little to no daily access to computers and the Internet, while children in core nations are constantly exposed to this technology. This is an example of: 1. the digital divide 2. human ecology 3. modernization theory 4. dependency theory

1. the digital divide

In addition to social movements, social change is also caused by technology, social institutions, population and ______. 1. the environment 2. modernization 3. social structure 4. new social movements

1. the environment

Which of the following is an example of collective behavior? 1. A soldier questioning orders 2. A group of people interested in hearing an author speak 3. A class going on a field trip 4. Going shopping with a friend

2. A group of people interested in hearing an author speak

Can you think of a time when your behavior in a crowd was dictated by the circumstances? Give an example of emergent-norm perspective, using your own experience.

21.1

Discuss the differences between a mass and a crowd. What is an example of each? What sets them apart? What do they share in common?

21.1

Discuss the differences between an acting crowd and a collective crowd. Give examples of each.

21.1

Imagine you are at a rally protesting nuclear energy use. Walk us through the hypothetical rally using the value-added theory, imagining it meets all the stages.

21.1

Describe a social movement in the decline stage. What is its issue? Why has it reached this stage?

21.2

Do you think social media is an important tool in creating social change? Why, or why not? Defend your opinion.

21.2

Think about a social movement industry dealing with a cause that is important to you. How do the different social movement organizations of this industry seek to engage you? Which techniques do you respond to? Why?

21.2

Consider one of the major social movements of the twentieth century, from civil rights in the United States to Gandhi's nonviolent protests in India. How would technology have changed it? Would change have come more quickly or more slowly? Defend your opinion.

21.3

Discuss the digital divide in the context of modernization. Is there a real concern that poorer communities are lacking in technology? Why, or why not?

21.3

Do you think that modernization is good or bad? Explain, using examples.

21.3

Which theory do you think better explains the global economy: dependency theory (global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations) or modernization theory? Remember to justify your answer and provide specific examples

21.3

Sociologists using conflict perspective might study what? 1. How social movements develop 2. What social purposes a movement serves 3. What motivates inequitably treated people to join a movement 4. What individuals hope to gain from taking part in a social movement

3. What motivates inequitably treated people to join a movement

According to emergent-norm theory, crowds are: 1. irrational and impulsive 2. often misinterpreted and misdirected 3. able to develop their own definition of the situation 4. prone to criminal behavior

3. able to develop their own definition of the situation

China is undergoing a shift in industry, increasing labor specialization and the amount of differentiation present in the social structure. This exemplifies: 1. human ecology 2. dependency theory 3. modernization 4. conflict perspective

3. modernization

A boy throwing rocks during a demonstration might be an example of ___________. 1. structural conduciveness 2. structural strain 3. precipitating factors 4. mobilization for action

3. precipitating factors

Social movements are: 1. disruptive and chaotic challenges to the government 2. ineffective mass movements 3. the collective action of individuals working together in an attempt to establish new norms beliefs, or values 4. the singular activities of a collection of groups working to challenge the status quo

3. the collective action of individuals working together in an attempt to establish new norms beliefs, or values

Core nations that work to propel peripheral nations toward modernization need to be aware of: 1. preserving peripheral nation cultural identity 2. preparing for pitfalls that come with modernization 3. avoiding hegemonistic assumptions about modernization 4. all of the above

4. all of the above

The protesters at the Egypt uprising rally were: 1. a casual crowd 2. a conventional crowd 3. a mass 4. an acting crowd

4. an acting crowd

When the League of Women Voters successfully achieved its goal of women being allowed to vote, they had to undergo frame __________, a means of completely changing their goals to ensure continuing relevance. 1. extension 2. amplification 3. bridging 4. transformation

4. transformation

motivational framing

a call to action

crowd

a fairly large number of people who share close proximity

value-added theory

a functionalist perspective theory that posits that several preconditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur

flash mob

a large group of people who gather together in a spontaneous activity that lasts a limited amount of time

collective behavior

a noninstitutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage

emergent norm theory

a perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behavior

social movement

a purposeful organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal

mass

a relatively large group with a common interest, even if they may not be in close proximity

social movement organization

a single social movement group

diagnostic framing

a the social problem that is stated in a clear, easily understood manner

new social movement theory

a theory that attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to understand using traditional social movement theories

assembling perspective

a theory that credits individuals in crowds as behaving as rational thinkers and views crowds as engaging in purposeful behavior and collective action

resource mobilization theory

a theory that explains social movements' success in terms of their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals

public

an unorganized, relatively diffuse group of people who share ideas

acting crowds

crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal

expressive crowds

crowds who share opportunities to express emotions

reform movements

movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure

revolutionary movements

movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society

religious/redemptive movements

movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals

NGO

nongovernmental organizations working globally for numerous humanitarian and environmental causes

conventional crowds

people who come together for a regularly scheduled event

casual crowds

people who share close proximity without really interacting

alternative movements

social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in individuals

prognostic framing

social movements that state a clear solution and a means of implementation

social change

the change in a society created through social movements as well as through external factors like environmental shifts or technological innovations

social movement industry

the collection of the social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goals

social movement sector

the multiple social movement industries in a society, even if they have widely varying constituents and goals

crowdsourcing

the process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people

modernization

the process that increases the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies

resistance movements

those who seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure

frame alignment process

using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement