Kinesiotherapy II Test I
PROM is equal to a grade ___ MMT
0
AROM is equal to a grade ___ MMT
3
A _____ second stretch per repetition has been identified as the median duration of stretch in a review of the literature of studies on calf muscle stretching
30
Experimentally, maximum tensile deformation of isolated collagen fibers prior to failure is ____ to ____%; whole ligaments may withstand strain of ____ to ____ %
7-8, 20-40
____________ influences the amount of tension present in soft tissue and consequently affects the ROM available in joints.
Alignment
A sustained or intermittent external, end-range stretch force, applied with overpressure and by manual contact or a mechanical device, elongates a shortened muscle tendon unit. If patient assists, called ____________.
Assisted stretching
The process of tension developing in a muscle during shortening or lengthening
Contraction
_______ adaptive shortening of the muscle tendon unit and other soft tissues that cross or surround a joint resulting in significant resistance to passive or active stretch and limitations of ROM
Contracture
defined as an almost complete loss of motion
Contracture
Refers to the period of time a stretch force is applied and shortened tissues are held in a lengthened position
Duration of stretch
Form of flexibility also referred to as active mobility or active ROM; degree to which an active muscle contraction moves a body segment through the available ROM of a joint.
Dynamic flexibility
_________ the ability of a soft tissue to return to its pre stretch resting length directly after a short-duration stretch force has been removed.
Elasticity
When tension develops in a muscle, the ______ fires, inhibits _________, and (increases/decreases) tension in the muscle-tendon unit being stretched.
GTO, alpha motoneuron activity, decreases
What are the three types of PNF stretching
Hold relax, agonist contraction, hold relax with agonist contraction
What is considered the safest form of stretch and yields the most significant, elastic deformation and long-term, plastic changes in soft tissues.
Low-load low-intensity long-duration
_____________ apply a very low intensity stretch force over a prolonged period of time to create relatively permanent lengthening of soft tissues, presumably due to plastic tissue formation
Mechanical stretching devices
________ integrates active muscle contractions into stretching maneuvers to inhibit or facilitate muscle activation and to increase the likelihood that the muscle to be lengthened remains as relaxed as possible
PNF
combined inhibition/facilitation/muscle lengthening procedures
PNF stretching
____________ of the patient and the specific muscles and joints to be stretched is necessary for patient _______ and _______ during stretching.
Proper alignment or positioning, comfort and stability
basic technique used for the examination of movement and for initiating movement into a program of therapeutic intervention
Range of Motion
Point where there is considerable weakening of the tissue and it rapidly fails
Region of necking
process whereby the overall function of a patient may be improved by applying stretching techniques selectively to some muscles and joints but allowing limitation of motion to develop in other muscles and joints
Selective stretching
Method of stretching in which soft tissue are elongated just past the point of tissue resistance and then held in the lengthened position with a sustained stretch force over a period of time
Static stretching
___________ is a general term used to describe any therapeutic maneuver designed to increase the extensibility of soft tissues.
Stretching
(T/F) There is no clear delineation of how much limitation of motion from loss of soft tissue extensibility must exist to designate the limitation of motion as a contracture.
True
Atrophy of muscles can begin within ____________.
a few days to a week
For strong muscles, _________ROM does not maintain or increase strength; It also does not develop skill or coordination except in the movement patterns used.
active
_________ is movement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM that is produced by active contraction of the muscles crossing the joint.
active ROM
When a muscle shortens to a point where it can shorten no more, this is termed _______.
active insufficiency
PNF stretching is also referred to as ________ or _______.
active or facilitative stretching
Passive ROM is movement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM that is produced entirely by _______.
an external force
If a muscle is immobilized for a prolonged period of time, the outcome is essentially ______ and ______.
atrophy and weakness
The traditional explanation of the underlying mechanisms of PNF stretching is that reflexive relaxation occurs during the stretching maneuvers, as the result of ______________.
autogenic or reciprocal inhibition
________ stretching is not recommended for elderly or sedentary individuals or patients with musculoskeletal pathology or chronic contractures
ballistic
A rapid, forceful intermittent stretch that is a high speed and high intensity stretch is commonly called __________.
ballistic stretching
________ stretching is thought to cause greater trauma to stretched tissues and greater residual muscle soreness than ______ stretching
ballistic, static
A relatively short-duration stretch force that is repeatedly but gradually applied, released, and then reapplied is described as a ______ stretch
cyclic (intermittent)
ROM should not be done when motion is __________________.
disruptive to the healing process
The ________ and ___________ of immobilization also affect the extent of atrophy and loss of strength and power.
duration and position
Point beyond which the tissue does not return to its original shape and size
elastic limit
The range of the brachialis muscle is limited by the range available at the _______ joint
elbow
Low intensity stretching has also been shown to ________.
elongate dense connective tissue
Refers to the number of bouts per day or per week a patient carries out a stretching regimen.
frequency
Range of motion is the
full motion possible
distance a muscle is capable of shortening after it has been elongated to its maximum
functional excursion
ROM is measured with a ____ and recorded in _____.
goniometer, degrees
Impaired mobility and limited ROM may also be the result of _____________ associated with a _________________ lesion.
hypertonicity, central nervous system
refers to decreased mobility or restricted motion
hypomobility
Low intensity stretching results in optimal rates of improvement in ROM without exposing tissues, possible weekend by __________, to excessive loads and potential injury.
immobilization
The primary goal for PROM is to decrease the complications that would occur with ___________, such as cartilage degeneration, adhesion and contracture formation, and sluggish circulation.
immobilization
As the immobilized muscle atrophies, a(n) increase/decrease in fibrous and fatty tissue in muscle also occurs
increase
Stretching is a general term used to describe any therapeutic maneuver designed to _________ the ___________ of soft tissues.
increase, extensibility
In the plastic range, it is the rupturing of fibers that results in _________.
increased length
True passive, relaxed ROM may be difficult to obtain when muscle is _______ and the patient is ______.
innervated; conscious
Overstretching becomes detrimental and creates joint __________.
instability
The _______ of a stretch force is determined by the load placed on soft tissue to elongate it.
intensity (magnitude)
There is a(n) ______ relationship between intensity and duration as well as between intensity and frequency.
inverse
ROM activities are administered to maintain _____ and ______ mobility to minimize loss of _______ and __________.
joint and soft tissue, tissue flexibility and contracture formation
When a therapist is examining inert structures, PROM is used to determine _________, __________, _________, and _________.
limitations of motion, joint stability, muscle flexibility and other soft tissue elasticity.
In PROM, there is _________________ contraction.
little or no voluntary muscle
There is a general agreement among clinicians and researchers that stretching should be applied at a ___ intensity by means of a ____ load.
low, low
Decreased flexibility has been shown to be associated with a greater risk of musculotendinous injuries in the ____________ extremities.
lower
During ________ stretching, a therapist or other trained practitioner or caregiver applies and external force to move the involved body segment slightly beyond the point of tissue resistance and available ROM.
manual
________ and _________ stretching in hypomobile but healthy subjects, and prolonged mechanical stretching in patients with ________, yield significant stretch-induced gains in ROM
manual and self, chronic contractures
Active Assistive ROM is provided _______ or _________ by a(n) ______ force.
manually or mechanically, outside
refers to the form of stretch or the manner in which stretching exercises are carried out
mode
What is the function of a GTO.
monitor changes in tension of muscle-tendon units
Passive ROM does not prevent _______, increase _______ or ________.
muscle atrophy, strength or endurance
Major sensory organ of muscle (involved in postural muscles)
muscle spindle
Sensory organ that is sensitive to quick and sustained (tonic) stretch
muscle spindle
In a __________ contracture, although at the musculotendinous unit has adaptively shortened and there is a significant loss of ROM, no specific __________ present
myostatic (myogenic), muscle pathology
Where is the golgi tendon organ located
near the musculotendinous junctions of extrafusal muscle fibers
Acute stretching has what effect on muscle performance immediately following the stretching session.
no effect or decreases
When the stretch reflex is activated in a muscle being lengthened, decreased activity (inhibition) in the muscle on the ________ side of the joint, referred to as reciprocal inhibition may occur.
opposite
If the patient concentrically contracts the muscle _______ the short muscle and assists with joint movement, the range-limiting muscle tends to relax reflexively, thus ______ muscle tension interfering with elongation
opposite, decreasing
_______________ : stretch well beyond the normal length of muscle and ROM of a joint and the surrounding soft tissues resulting in hypermobility
overstretching
degree to which a body segment can be passively moved through ROM
passive flexibility
When a muscle is fully elongated, a muscle is in a position of ___________.
passive insufficiency
A sustained or intermittent external, end-range stretch force, applied with overpressure and by manual contact or a mechanical device, elongates a shortened muscle tendon unit. If patient is relaxed as possible called ____________.
passive stretching
Tissue strained in plastic range has ______________.
permanent deformation
Chronic stretching not only increases flexibility, but also appears to have beneficial effects on ____________.
physical performance
range beyond the elastic limit extending to the point of rupture
plastic range
_________ is the tendency of a soft tissue to assume a new and greater length after the stretch force has been removed
plasticity
Potential benefits and outcomes of stretching include? (3)
prevention or reduction of the risk of soft tissue injuries, reduced post exercise muscle soreness, and enhanced physical performance
PNF
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
Ballistic stretching is characterized by what kind of movements
quick, bouncy movements that create momentum
Main function of the muscle spindle is to ________ and _________ information about changes in the length of a muscle and the velocity of the length changes.
receive and convey
Any stretching exercise that is carried out independently by a patient after instruction and supervision by a therapist
self-stretching
Type of stretching procedure that a patient carries out independently after careful instruction and supervised practice.
self-stretching
A muscle immobilized in a ________ position atrophies and weakens at a faster rate than if it is held in a __________ position.
shortened, lengthened
PNF stretching techniques require that a patient has normal innervation and voluntary control of either the _______ muscle or the muscle _________.
shortened, on the opposite side of the joint
Duration most often refers to how long a ________ of stretch is applied.
single cycle
To minimize muscle activation during stretching and reduce the risk of injury to tissues and post stretch muscle soreness, the speed of stretch should be ____.
slow
A considerable body of evidence has shown that the various types of stretching exercises, particularly _________ and ________ improve flexibility and increase ROM
static and PNF
Once ultimate strength is reached, there is increased __________ without an increase in _____________.
strain (deformation), stress required (macrofailure)
Alignment influences the amount of ________ present in soft tissue and consequently affects the _______ available in joints.
tension, ROM
functional excursion can sometimes be directly influenced by ___________________________.
the joint it crosses
Atrophy in muscles occurs more quickly and more extensively in ___________ postural muscle fibers than in __________ fibers.
tonic (slow twitch), phasic (fast twitch)
If more than one repetition of stretch is carried out during a treatment session, the cumulative time of all the stretch cycles reflects the total duration of stretch, also called __________.
total elongation time
greatest load the tissue can sustain
ultimate strength
