Kinesiotherapy II Test I

PROM is equal to a grade ___ MMT

0

AROM is equal to a grade ___ MMT

3

A _____ second stretch per repetition has been identified as the median duration of stretch in a review of the literature of studies on calf muscle stretching

30

Experimentally, maximum tensile deformation of isolated collagen fibers prior to failure is ____ to ____%; whole ligaments may withstand strain of ____ to ____ %

7-8, 20-40

____________ influences the amount of tension present in soft tissue and consequently affects the ROM available in joints.

Alignment

A sustained or intermittent external, end-range stretch force, applied with overpressure and by manual contact or a mechanical device, elongates a shortened muscle tendon unit. If patient assists, called ____________.

Assisted stretching

The process of tension developing in a muscle during shortening or lengthening

Contraction

_______ adaptive shortening of the muscle tendon unit and other soft tissues that cross or surround a joint resulting in significant resistance to passive or active stretch and limitations of ROM

Contracture

defined as an almost complete loss of motion

Contracture

Refers to the period of time a stretch force is applied and shortened tissues are held in a lengthened position

Duration of stretch

Form of flexibility also referred to as active mobility or active ROM; degree to which an active muscle contraction moves a body segment through the available ROM of a joint.

Dynamic flexibility

_________ the ability of a soft tissue to return to its pre stretch resting length directly after a short-duration stretch force has been removed.

Elasticity

When tension develops in a muscle, the ______ fires, inhibits _________, and (increases/decreases) tension in the muscle-tendon unit being stretched.

GTO, alpha motoneuron activity, decreases

What are the three types of PNF stretching

Hold relax, agonist contraction, hold relax with agonist contraction

What is considered the safest form of stretch and yields the most significant, elastic deformation and long-term, plastic changes in soft tissues.

Low-load low-intensity long-duration

_____________ apply a very low intensity stretch force over a prolonged period of time to create relatively permanent lengthening of soft tissues, presumably due to plastic tissue formation

Mechanical stretching devices

________ integrates active muscle contractions into stretching maneuvers to inhibit or facilitate muscle activation and to increase the likelihood that the muscle to be lengthened remains as relaxed as possible

PNF

combined inhibition/facilitation/muscle lengthening procedures

PNF stretching

____________ of the patient and the specific muscles and joints to be stretched is necessary for patient _______ and _______ during stretching.

Proper alignment or positioning, comfort and stability

basic technique used for the examination of movement and for initiating movement into a program of therapeutic intervention

Range of Motion

Point where there is considerable weakening of the tissue and it rapidly fails

Region of necking

process whereby the overall function of a patient may be improved by applying stretching techniques selectively to some muscles and joints but allowing limitation of motion to develop in other muscles and joints

Selective stretching

Method of stretching in which soft tissue are elongated just past the point of tissue resistance and then held in the lengthened position with a sustained stretch force over a period of time

Static stretching

___________ is a general term used to describe any therapeutic maneuver designed to increase the extensibility of soft tissues.

Stretching

(T/F) There is no clear delineation of how much limitation of motion from loss of soft tissue extensibility must exist to designate the limitation of motion as a contracture.

True

Atrophy of muscles can begin within ____________.

a few days to a week

For strong muscles, _________ROM does not maintain or increase strength; It also does not develop skill or coordination except in the movement patterns used.

active

_________ is movement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM that is produced by active contraction of the muscles crossing the joint.

active ROM

When a muscle shortens to a point where it can shorten no more, this is termed _______.

active insufficiency

PNF stretching is also referred to as ________ or _______.

active or facilitative stretching

Passive ROM is movement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM that is produced entirely by _______.

an external force

If a muscle is immobilized for a prolonged period of time, the outcome is essentially ______ and ______.

atrophy and weakness

The traditional explanation of the underlying mechanisms of PNF stretching is that reflexive relaxation occurs during the stretching maneuvers, as the result of ______________.

autogenic or reciprocal inhibition

________ stretching is not recommended for elderly or sedentary individuals or patients with musculoskeletal pathology or chronic contractures

ballistic

A rapid, forceful intermittent stretch that is a high speed and high intensity stretch is commonly called __________.

ballistic stretching

________ stretching is thought to cause greater trauma to stretched tissues and greater residual muscle soreness than ______ stretching

ballistic, static

A relatively short-duration stretch force that is repeatedly but gradually applied, released, and then reapplied is described as a ______ stretch

cyclic (intermittent)

ROM should not be done when motion is __________________.

disruptive to the healing process

The ________ and ___________ of immobilization also affect the extent of atrophy and loss of strength and power.

duration and position

Point beyond which the tissue does not return to its original shape and size

elastic limit

The range of the brachialis muscle is limited by the range available at the _______ joint

elbow

Low intensity stretching has also been shown to ________.

elongate dense connective tissue

Refers to the number of bouts per day or per week a patient carries out a stretching regimen.

frequency

Range of motion is the

full motion possible

distance a muscle is capable of shortening after it has been elongated to its maximum

functional excursion

ROM is measured with a ____ and recorded in _____.

goniometer, degrees

Impaired mobility and limited ROM may also be the result of _____________ associated with a _________________ lesion.

hypertonicity, central nervous system

refers to decreased mobility or restricted motion

hypomobility

Low intensity stretching results in optimal rates of improvement in ROM without exposing tissues, possible weekend by __________, to excessive loads and potential injury.

immobilization

The primary goal for PROM is to decrease the complications that would occur with ___________, such as cartilage degeneration, adhesion and contracture formation, and sluggish circulation.

immobilization

As the immobilized muscle atrophies, a(n) increase/decrease in fibrous and fatty tissue in muscle also occurs

increase

Stretching is a general term used to describe any therapeutic maneuver designed to _________ the ___________ of soft tissues.

increase, extensibility

In the plastic range, it is the rupturing of fibers that results in _________.

increased length

True passive, relaxed ROM may be difficult to obtain when muscle is _______ and the patient is ______.

innervated; conscious

Overstretching becomes detrimental and creates joint __________.

instability

The _______ of a stretch force is determined by the load placed on soft tissue to elongate it.

intensity (magnitude)

There is a(n) ______ relationship between intensity and duration as well as between intensity and frequency.

inverse

ROM activities are administered to maintain _____ and ______ mobility to minimize loss of _______ and __________.

joint and soft tissue, tissue flexibility and contracture formation

When a therapist is examining inert structures, PROM is used to determine _________, __________, _________, and _________.

limitations of motion, joint stability, muscle flexibility and other soft tissue elasticity.

In PROM, there is _________________ contraction.

little or no voluntary muscle

There is a general agreement among clinicians and researchers that stretching should be applied at a ___ intensity by means of a ____ load.

low, low

Decreased flexibility has been shown to be associated with a greater risk of musculotendinous injuries in the ____________ extremities.

lower

During ________ stretching, a therapist or other trained practitioner or caregiver applies and external force to move the involved body segment slightly beyond the point of tissue resistance and available ROM.

manual

________ and _________ stretching in hypomobile but healthy subjects, and prolonged mechanical stretching in patients with ________, yield significant stretch-induced gains in ROM

manual and self, chronic contractures

Active Assistive ROM is provided _______ or _________ by a(n) ______ force.

manually or mechanically, outside

refers to the form of stretch or the manner in which stretching exercises are carried out

mode

What is the function of a GTO.

monitor changes in tension of muscle-tendon units

Passive ROM does not prevent _______, increase _______ or ________.

muscle atrophy, strength or endurance

Major sensory organ of muscle (involved in postural muscles)

muscle spindle

Sensory organ that is sensitive to quick and sustained (tonic) stretch

muscle spindle

In a __________ contracture, although at the musculotendinous unit has adaptively shortened and there is a significant loss of ROM, no specific __________ present

myostatic (myogenic), muscle pathology

Where is the golgi tendon organ located

near the musculotendinous junctions of extrafusal muscle fibers

Acute stretching has what effect on muscle performance immediately following the stretching session.

no effect or decreases

When the stretch reflex is activated in a muscle being lengthened, decreased activity (inhibition) in the muscle on the ________ side of the joint, referred to as reciprocal inhibition may occur.

opposite

If the patient concentrically contracts the muscle _______ the short muscle and assists with joint movement, the range-limiting muscle tends to relax reflexively, thus ______ muscle tension interfering with elongation

opposite, decreasing

_______________ : stretch well beyond the normal length of muscle and ROM of a joint and the surrounding soft tissues resulting in hypermobility

overstretching

degree to which a body segment can be passively moved through ROM

passive flexibility

When a muscle is fully elongated, a muscle is in a position of ___________.

passive insufficiency

A sustained or intermittent external, end-range stretch force, applied with overpressure and by manual contact or a mechanical device, elongates a shortened muscle tendon unit. If patient is relaxed as possible called ____________.

passive stretching

Tissue strained in plastic range has ______________.

permanent deformation

Chronic stretching not only increases flexibility, but also appears to have beneficial effects on ____________.

physical performance

range beyond the elastic limit extending to the point of rupture

plastic range

_________ is the tendency of a soft tissue to assume a new and greater length after the stretch force has been removed

plasticity

Potential benefits and outcomes of stretching include? (3)

prevention or reduction of the risk of soft tissue injuries, reduced post exercise muscle soreness, and enhanced physical performance

PNF

proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

Ballistic stretching is characterized by what kind of movements

quick, bouncy movements that create momentum

Main function of the muscle spindle is to ________ and _________ information about changes in the length of a muscle and the velocity of the length changes.

receive and convey

Any stretching exercise that is carried out independently by a patient after instruction and supervision by a therapist

self-stretching

Type of stretching procedure that a patient carries out independently after careful instruction and supervised practice.

self-stretching

A muscle immobilized in a ________ position atrophies and weakens at a faster rate than if it is held in a __________ position.

shortened, lengthened

PNF stretching techniques require that a patient has normal innervation and voluntary control of either the _______ muscle or the muscle _________.

shortened, on the opposite side of the joint

Duration most often refers to how long a ________ of stretch is applied.

single cycle

To minimize muscle activation during stretching and reduce the risk of injury to tissues and post stretch muscle soreness, the speed of stretch should be ____.

slow

A considerable body of evidence has shown that the various types of stretching exercises, particularly _________ and ________ improve flexibility and increase ROM

static and PNF

Once ultimate strength is reached, there is increased __________ without an increase in _____________.

strain (deformation), stress required (macrofailure)

Alignment influences the amount of ________ present in soft tissue and consequently affects the _______ available in joints.

tension, ROM

functional excursion can sometimes be directly influenced by ___________________________.

the joint it crosses

Atrophy in muscles occurs more quickly and more extensively in ___________ postural muscle fibers than in __________ fibers.

tonic (slow twitch), phasic (fast twitch)

If more than one repetition of stretch is carried out during a treatment session, the cumulative time of all the stretch cycles reflects the total duration of stretch, also called __________.

total elongation time

greatest load the tissue can sustain

ultimate strength