chapter 22
Portuguese naval superiority; Malay, Indian, and Arab; half; Portugal was a small country with small population; people from other countries; English and Dutch; control shipping on high seas; parallel networks; Bombay; Colombo
Alboquerque was confident in ______ and their ability to control trade, and he often boasted. His boasting was exaggeration, as they did not have enough forces. _____ mariners were also primmest, and Portuguese only transported ___ of the pepper and spices consumed by Europeans. By late 16th century, Portuguese influence in Indian Ocean weakened as _____, and was not able to sustain such as large empire for long. The crews of Portuguese ships included _______ who became familiar with Asian water in Portuguese served and other lands began to organize their own expeditions, most prominently, ______. They sought to build trading posts on asian coast, but did not attempt to ______. They occasionally sexed Portuguese sites, such as Melaka, but Portuguese held many posts until 20th century. English and Dutch established _____. English concentrated on _____, Madras, and Calcutta. Dutch operated on Cape Town, _____, and Batavia.
humans through migration; 1500-1800; Americas and Caribbean;South Africa, Australia, and Pacific Islands; Persian carpets to India; southeast Asian spices to India and China; Arabs; textiles, guns, and manufactured goods
Along with disease and plants, Columbian exchange also involved spread of _____. During ____, enslaved Africans went to _____. Europeans also traveled to Americas and settled in depopulated lands, and during 19th century Europeans went to _____. Asian peoples went to tropical ands subtropical destinations. Trading-post empires built by Portuguese, Dutch, and English linked Asia markets to Europeans costumers and offered opportunities for European mariners, as they spread ______, Indian cottons to southeast Asia, _____, Chinese silks to Japan, and Japanese silver and copper to China and India. By late 16th century, Europeans became as prominent as ___. European voyages encouraged the emergence of global trading system. As they established colonies in Caribbean and Americas, trade networks extended across Atlantic in exchange for Mexican and Peruvian silver, sugar and tobacco. European _____ went to south and west Africa, where they were exchanged for slaves and sent to Western Hemisphere to work in plantations.
expansion of Islam; 700-1100; Columbian exchange; affected lands with different conditions altogether; altered human geography and environment; Smallpox; whooping cough; no immunity; disrupt society
Biological exchange was common before modern times, as early ______ diffused crops throughout eastern hemisphere in _____, which helped grow all lands they diffused to. During 14th century, as bubonic plague spread, demographic loss struck Eurasia and north Africa. The ______, global diffusion as result of voyages of Christopher Columbus, had consequences more profound than earlier exchanges. Unlike earlier, Columbian exchange ______, as for years conditions of eastern, western, and Oceania had evolved in different lines. By creating links it send of a round of exchange that ______. In 16th century, disease brought high loss for Americas and pacifics. ____, measles, diphtheria, _____, and influenza had huge effects, and before voyages none of these had reached the western hemisphere, therefore the people had _____. In eastern hemisphere, the diseases has been there are long, and the people had built immunity, so adults and most children were not affected and therefore did not _____.
seven years war; Europe, India, Caribbean, and North America; British imperial hegemony; France, Austria, and Russia; Indian Ocean Basin; Spanish; limit British expansion; French and Indian war; French from Indian Basin; Canada; Florida; British empire in 19th century
Commercial rivalries and political indifferences combined and led to the _______, a global conflict that took place in _______, and involved Asian and indigenous peoples as well as Europeans. Sometimes called the "Great War for empire", it laid foundation for 150 years of _______. In Europe, the war pitted Britain and Prussia against _______. In India, British and French forces allowed with local rulers and engaged in contest for ______. In Caribbean, _____ forces joined with French to ______, and in North America, where the war merged with the _____, the British and French army made alliances with Indigenous people to outdo each other. British forces fought little in Europe, as their Prussian allies held off invaders. Elsewhere, British armies and navies overcame enemies, and they forced out the _____, and took over French colonies in ____. They allowed Spanish forces took keep Cuba but took _____. The war did not make Britain master of the world, but it paved way for _______.
silk, spice, porcelain and other Asian goods; silk roads became dangerous; Italians; spices, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg; yield profits; Europe's principal form of payment for Asian goods.
During Mongol era, European merchants often traveled overland as far as China to trade in ______. In 14th century with the bubonic plague and collapse of the Mongols, _____. Muslims continued to bring Asian goods to Cairo, where _____ would distribute them to Western Europe, but prices were high. By 14th century, wealthy classes of Europe sought ______ as luxuries and merchants and monarchs realized that direct access to Asia would increases amounts of goods and _____. African trade also called to Europeans, since 12th century they purchased African gold, ivory and sales through trans-saharan. Gold was important because it was _______.
trade in spices, cloves, nutmeg, and mace; Jan Pieterszoon Coen; Batavia; Sunda Strait; Chinese and Malay; monopolize the spice trade; forced them to deliver spices only to VOC; took advantage of tensions, and promised aid; made alliances with local authorities; enriched the VOC; Netherlands
Dutch mariners, who imposed rule on Indonesia, did not worry about converting to Christianity, but concentrated on _______. The architect of dutch policy was ______ who in 1619 founded ____ on island of Java to serve as port city for VOC, as it had strategic position near _____ and attracted ____ vessels. They hoped to ______, and Coen brought his naval power on Indonesian islands, and smaller islands, and ______. On larger islands, he ______. By 17th century, the VOC controlled all the ports of Java and spice islands. Dutch numbers were too low to rule directly, do they ______, and reserved direct rule for important islands. The Dutch did not campaign for conquest purposes, but they uprooted spice-bearing plants in lands they did not control and attacked people who sold spices to anyone other than VOC. Monopoly profits ______ but also made _____ mort prosperous land in Europe in 17th century.
sailed faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships; join-stock company; East Indian Company; United East Indian Company/VOC; ships and crews; privately owned; advanced tech
English and Dutch mariners enjoyed two advantages over Portuguese, ______. They also conducted trade in the _____. There were two companies, English ______ (founded in 1600) and its Dutch counterpart ______ (founded in 1602). Private merchants funded the company, gave them _____, and provided them with commodities and money to trade. These were _____, and concentrated on profitable trade, as charters granted them right to sell, buy, and built trading posts. English and Dutch companies experience success, as in 1601 5 English ships went from London with gold and silver and returned 1603 with spices worth more than what they shipped. The first Dutch expedition did not profit much, but because of their ______, powerful military, and organization the VOC and EEIC contrubuted to early formation of glocal network of trade.
Americas; corn; potatoes; tomatoes; tobacco; 18th century; China; eco-niches; northern Europe; medicinal plants; 425M; 545M; 610M; 720M; 900M
Food crops from ____ also went to Europe, Asia, and Africa, particularly ___, ___, beans, _____, peppers, peanuts, manioc, plays, guavas, avocados, pineapples, cacao, and ____. Residents of eastern hemisphere developed taste for American crops and by _____ corn and potatoes contributed to increase in calories. Corn became important in _____ especially as they grew in ______, unsuitable for rice and millet. With exception of Bengal, Asian lands provided less welcoming to potatoes, although it spread to _____ (Ireland to Russia). American beans added protein, and tomatoes and peppers vitamins and flavors. Peanuts and manioc flourished in tropical places, but could not support large populations. Americas also supplied _______, effective in malaria and mosquitos. The exchange of plants and foos field growth in world population, as it stood at _____ during bubonic plague, then grew to ____ in 1600. In 1700 it was ____, and after than population grew rapidly as in 1750 it was _____, and in 1800 in was ____.
many species into extinction, and altered environments; late 16th century; English, Dutch, French; wheat; cowry shells; sugar; exchanged for slaves; Australia
Hunting of fur animals drove ______. Early hunters also harvested some species used for skins, food, oil, ivory, and other animal products. By _____, humans exploited of world's natural and agricultural resources, and created global trade networks. During next 2 centuries, volume of loyal trade expanded with _____ and others contributing. During 17th century, ____ from South Africa, ____ from India, and ___ from Brazil were imported by Dutch. Wheat fed consumers, mostly workers, cowries were _____, and sugar was consumed throughout Europe. During 18th century, world trade became. more intricate as was markets emerged, and by 1750 all parts of world except ____ participated in global trade.
Philippines and Indonesia; powerful state; India and China did not have any claim; Miguel Lopez de Legazpi; Philip II; central government; Mindanao
In following voyages to Western Hemisphere, Europeans conquered, built, and established colonies but were unable to force their will on large populations. With the decline of Portuguese on Indian Ocean, Europeans traded peacefully. But 2 islands in Southeast Asia, ________, European conquered and imposed their rule. Though populated, neither had a ______ in 16th century and imperial authorities in ______. Heavily armed ships allowed Europeans to establish imperial regimes. Spanish forced appeared in Philippines in 1565 under command of _______, who named lands after king _____ of Spain. He overcame local authorities in Cebu and Manila, and because there was no _____, there was not resistance. Spanish forces quickly took over and by 1575, Spanish forces controlled central and northern Islands, and during 17th century, they extended authority. The only place they did not control was _____, where Muslims lived.
missionary religion; to spread their faith; India, Central Asia, and china; crusades and holy wars; 1492; enter gold trade; gain intelligence on Muslim power; Christians and spices
Like Buddhism and Islam, Christianity is a _____, and the New Testament urged Christians _____. Efforts were often peaceful, and during Mongol era, Franciscans and Dominicans traveled as fas as ______ for converts. Sometimes they were not peaceful. Beginning in 11th century, ______ against Muslims started and reconquista lasted until ___. Various motives for exploration reinforced each other. Prince Henry the Navigator promoted voyages to ______, discover new trade routes, ________, win converts to Christianity, and make alliances against Muslims. When Vasco de Gama arrived in Calicut he said "_______."
trading-post empire; control trade routes by forcing merchants to call at sites and pay duties; São Jorge da Mina; Hormuz; Goa; Macau and Nagasaki; Alfonso d'albuquerque; Hormuz; Goa; Melaka; forcing merchants to buy passes
Portuguese mariners built earliest ______. Their goal was not to conquer, but to ______. Vasco de Gama established one in Calicut in 1498. By mid16th century, Portuguese built more than 50 between west Africa and East Asia, ______ (slaves), Mozambique (gold), ____ (access to Persian Gulf), ____ (Indian pepper), Melaka (shipping between South China Sea and Indian Ocean), Ternate in Maluku (cloves and nutmeg), ______ (access to Japan and China), Portuguese also overpowered almost very craft they encountered as they had artillery and cannons. ______ was commander of Portuguese forces in Indian Ocean in 16th century and he seized ____ in 1508, ____ in 1510, and _____ in 1511. From these sites, he south to control Indian Ocean trade by ______, to which they would be safe. He punished violators of the policy by cutting of hands or executing.
criminals; Small agricultural settlements; Amur River; 420,000; Europeans; trade in Asia and Americas
Settlers that had established Russian presence in Siberia were unleaded misfits, ____, and prisoners of war, and despite the harsh terrain, Russian migrants gradually filtered into Siberia and altered its demographic. ______ grew near trading posts, especially _____ valley, and Siberian landowners offered working conditions that were lighter than Russia's, so peasants sometimes fled. Over time, Siberian trading posts developed into towns and by 1763, _____ Russians lived in Siberia and 19th entire, additional migrants moved to mine gold, silver, copper, and iron. Exploration and expansion also led to conflicts between ____, as mariners competed for _____, and their efforts to establish markets led to clashes.
hunter-gatherer lives; tribute from them by forcing them to supply pelts on regular basis; resented the demands for tribute and resisted; punishing raids and hostage taking; Yakut; 70; epidemic diseases; protecting the small peoples; missionaries to convert to Orthodox Christianity; pay fur tributes
Siberia was home to 26 major ethnic groups, that lived ____. They varied religions and language, and respond tp Russiabs in different ways, who sought ______. Some groups accepted iron tools, woven cloth, flour ,teas, and liquor doe the skins of fur animals, but others _____. Russian forces resorted to _____ to induce Siberian peoples to deliver furs, and the ___ people of Lena and Aldan river valleys in central Siberia revolted in 1642, which led many to leave their settlements and reducing their population by __%. The people of Siberia also died from _____ that reduced populations more than half. As violence and disease reduced population and the delivery of furs, Russian government recognized that _____ was important. Government also sponsored ______, and bring them into Russian society. Few Siberians were interested, and once they converted, there did not have to ____, so the Russians made spread of Christianity less important than the Spanish. Although they mages to convert a few, many missionaries served the needs of Russians, and the Siberians continued to practice their inherited religion of shamans.
Christianity and trade; Manila; silk; Chinese; 1/4; Mexico; massacred Chinese merchants; opened schools; become more fervent Roman Catholic land in the world
Spanish policy in Philippines revolved around _____, and ___ emerged as port city, especially in __, and became hub of Spanish commercial activity. ____ merchants were prominent and were ____ of their population and supplied silk goods that Spanish readers shipped to ____. The commercial success brought suspicion, and Spanish and Filipino residents _____. Spanish authorities also spread Christianity and they pressured Filipinos to convert in hoped of persuading others to follow. They _____ in densely populated regions that taught doctrine and literacy. The missionaries encountered resistance in highland, as authority was weak but by 19th century, Philippines had ________
Manila galleons; ships; Manila, Philippines to Acapulco, Mexico; silver; China; gold; Japan; Peru; Fur-bearing; Siberia; 16M
The ______ illustrates the workings of global economy in Pacific Ocean. For 250 years, (1565-1815), Spanish galleons, sleek, fast, and armed ___, went to Pacific Ocean between ______. They brought Asian luxury goods in exchange for Mexican ____. The metal went to ____, where it helped economy as their base of current. Silver demand was so high in China that europeans exchanged for Chinese ____, later traded for more silver and luxury goods in ____. Some Asian luxury goods from Manila stayed in Mexico or went to ____, but most went across Mexico and went to European markets. As silver helped grow trade, it pressured real on animals that became commodities in markets. _____ animals were pressured as China, Europe, and North America wanted it. During 17th century, 200,000-300,0000 pelts went from ____ to global market, and during 18th entire more than ___ North American pelts were used for hats and cloaks.
Dutch; spice trade; Portuguese; English; Indian cotton and Ceylon tea; English and French; Americas and Caribbean; shipping from Mexico; claims in North America
Through 17/18th century, commercial and political rivalries led to wars between countries. ____ vessels were high in Indian Ocean, and enabled VOC to dominate _____. Dutch forced expelled _____ merchants from southeast Asia, and prevented ______ to establish footholds there. By 18th century, trade in _______, overshadowed spice trade, and _____ marines began dominant in Indian Ocean. Competition between the two as in 1746 French forces seized English post in Madras and the 3 British operations in India. There was also conflict in ______, English preyed on Spanish______, such as vessels of silver, and English and French forces fought over sugar island in Caribbean while also contesting _______.
13th century; Vivaldi bothers; Morocco; Castilian; 1415; west African coast; São Jorge da Mina; gold and slaves; buy Asian products at the source
Voyaging began in ________, in 1291 ______ departed from Genoa with intentions to go around African to India. They did not succeed, but the hope persisted. During 14th century, europeans rediscovered Canary island, where the Guanches people settled there from ___. Iberian mariners went to Canaries regularly and in 15th century _____ forces conquered island. In ____, Prince Henry conquered Ceuta and sponsored voyages down _____. The Portuguese established trading posts, at _______ and other locations. They exchanged horses, leather, textiles, and metalware for _____. Portuguese explorations continued after Henry's death, and in 1488 Bartolomeu Dias rounded cape of good hope and entered Indian ocean. He did not continue, but the route offered European merchants chance to _______.
pepper and cinnamon; Calicut; Dutch and England; Palos; Taino and Guanahani; the conquest, settlement, and exploitation of the Americas; Vasco Nuñez de Balboa; how much ocean there was between Americas and Asia
When Vasco de Gama returned with his cargo of ______, Portuguese merchants began to organize more expeditions and by 1500 they built trading post in ____ and buy 16th century ______ mariners had followed. Columbus believed Eurasia covered 270 degrees of landmass and that earth was 17,000 nautical miles. The Portuguese declined him and Spain allowed him to go. In August 1492 he left _____ in Spain and made it to Bahamas where lived the _______ people. Columbus thought he reached Asia and went 3 more times to the Atlantic, obtaining little gold. His voyage spread around Europe, and soon people followed in his wake. His voyage paved the way for _______. Other Europeans continued to seek western route to Asia. Spanish commander _______ saw Pacific Ocean while searching for gold in Panama, and in early 16th century, no now knew _______.
smallpox; 17M to 1.3M (90%); Aztec and Inca; transmissible; 1530s; 100million; increased population; wheat; sugar; citrus fruits; yams; coffee; meat animals
When infectious diseases came to unexposed populations, it destroyed whole societies. Beginning in 1519, ____ ravaged the Aztec empire and with a combination of other diseases, population went from _____. By that time, Spanish had conquered Mexico and their traditions fell under. Imported diseases took worse tolls on populated empires such as _____, but they did not spare regions. Diseases were _____ and sparked epidemics even before Europeans had arrived in those regions, by ____ smallpox spread from Mexico to Great Lakes region and Argentina. When introduced to Paciific islands, diseases struck populations and killed many. Between 1500-1800, about ____ people died of diseases. Over long term, the columbian exchange ______, as the spread of food and crops helped nourish the world in 18th century, and to present. In Eurasia to west traveled _____, rice, ____, bananas, apples, Cheries, peaches, peas, and _____. Wheat are nicely in North America and Argentina, regions too cold for corn. Africa spread ____, okra, collard greens, and _____. dairy and _____ also spread to americas, where they increased supplied of food.
vast land empire that embraced most of northern Eurasia; took over Mongol khanates in central Asia; Volga River; Astrakhan; Caucascus; Siberia; fur; Stroganov; Yermak; khanate of Sibir;
While Europeans built maritime empire, Russian laid foundation for ______. Expansion began in mid16th century as Russian forces ______, which resulted in Russian control over ____ and offered opportunity for trade with Ottoman, Iran, and India. Because of its location on Volga River, _____ became commercial center, and during 17/18th century, some Indian merchants made their way up Volga River to trade in Moscow and Russian interior. In 18th century, Russian forces extended their control to Caspian Sea region, absorbing _____. Russian acquisitions in northeast Eurasia, in the frozen tundras and denser forests of ____, posed challenges but explorers and merchants made their way in quest for ____. it lured Russians eastward, and Russian expansion northeast started in 1581 when the wealthy ____ family hired adventurer ____ to capture _____ in Ural Mts, and in following decades Russians pushed into interior regions of Siberia, by way of rivers, and by 1639 they reached Pacific Ocean.
Russians; Vitus Bering; western Canadian; Hawaii; Kaua'i; James Cook; eastern Australia; New Caledonia; Polynesian culture
____ also explored the Pacific and officials commissioned _____ to undertake 2 expeditions in search of northwest passage to Asian ports. Bering sailed through Arctic Ocean and Bering Strait and went to northern Asia. Other Russian explorers went to ________ coast and by 1800 Russian explored went as far as ____ and built small fort in _____. Another very important Pacific explorer was _____ whole led 3 expeditions to the Pacific and died in fight with indigenous people of Hawaii. He charted _____, New Zealand, and added _____, Vanuatu, and Hawaii to European maps. He also went to Tahiti, Tonga, and Hawaii where he spend times and showed interest in the ____.
Ferdinand Magellan; Maluku; Spain; 1519; he died because of a fight;first circumnavigation of the globe; 3 years; English; arctic circle; Roald Amundsen; Francis Drake; French
____ visited ports throughout Indian Ocean and traveled as far as ____. He believed Asia markets laid close to western coast of Americas and pursued Columbus goal. He was sponsored by _____. He left Spain in ____ and began in eastern coast in south America, where he went to southern tip. His crew ate gross food and many crewman died with disease. He went to Philippines from Guam where ______, and his crew continued and completed the _____, with a voyage of _____. Only one ship and 18 of the new survived. It took 3 centuries to chart the Pacific Ocean, and Spanish merchants used information from Magellan, not continuing the voyage itself. ____ mariners ventured into Pacific in search for passage from Europe to Asia, which exists as the northwest passage. Its route lies in the ____, and ice clogs most of the water. Only in 20th century did Norwegian explorer _____ travel by northwest passage. While searching for a passage, English establish many details of the Pacific, and in 16th century _____ went to west coast of North America and ____ mariners joined the exploring.
1400-1800; chart the world's ocean basins; world's geography; resources and lands suitable for cultivation of cash crops; new trades routes to Asian markets; expand Christianity; search for lands and resources; Azores and Madeiras Islands; Guanche; Italian investors
between _____ European mariners launched voyages that took them everywhere except polar regions. They were expensive, but people had big reasons to invest. They enabled Europeans to _______ and develop understating of _____. On that knowledge, they established global networks. Their motives were search for ______, desire to establish ______, or ______. Mariners from Portugal were prominent in _______, and Portuguese seaman sailed into Atlantic Ocean. By 14th century they reached ______ which they conquered, and went frequently to Canary Islands inhabited by _____ people. European demand for sugar was high, so plantations on Atlantic islands were high and in 15th century _____ worked with Portuguese mariners to establish plantations on Atlantic islands.
Vasco de Gama; Lisbon; sailing around Africa; Mozambique and Mombasa; opened for maritime trade between Europe and Asia; Mass migrations, imperial expansion, and long-distance trade; global networks
on July 8 1497, _____ led a small fleet out of ____ with destination to India, which he planned to do by ______. He hoped to get pepper and spices. He sailed through 2 oceans, and found 4 westerly winds. He engaged in fights in _______, and he used services in Malindi to guide ships across Arabian Sea. He made it to India in 1498 and returned to Lisbon in 1499. His expedition _______, and helped establish links between the world. _______ have been most types of cross-cultural interaction. Europeans began to gain power as in 500-1500, Tang, Abbasid, Byzantine, and Mongols were the most powerful but the Europeans became much more prominent. European incline resulted in _____, which diffused plants, animals, and diseases.
'wind wheels'; southwest; Northeast; indirect routes; mediterranean to canary islands; 'Volta do mar'; faster and more reliable; Brazil; Indian Ocean
with their tech, Europeans ventured into oceans and compiled knowledge on winds. In Atlantic and Pacific ocean, strong winds create _______ both north and south of equator, and ocean currents follow. Between 5-25 degrees latitude north and south of equator winds blow from east. 30-60 degrees west and south, westerly winds. In summer months, monsoon winds blow ____ and winter they blow _____. Winds and currents often forced mariners to take _____ to destinations, and European vessels sailed from _______ but the winds complicated the return. By 15th century, Portuguese mariners created the ______ that enabled them to sail from canary to Portugal without forcing trade winds. They sailed northwest into open ocean until they found westerly winds and returned east for home. That took mariners out of their way, it taught that it was ______. European marines began to rely on the Volta do mar to sail to the destinations. Vasco de Gama led to arrive in _____ and caught prevailing westerlies to enter ______
nautical tech and navigational skills; Chinese and Arabic; rudders to the stern; Square sail; Lateen sails; magnetic compass and astrolabe; greeks and Persian; back staffs and cross staffs
without advanced ________, Mainers would not have been successful. Mariners need sturdy ships, navigational equipment, and sailing techniques. Europeans inherited their tech from Mediterranean and Northern Europeans and combined it with _______. By 12th century, europeans learned to increase maneuverability of their ships but adding ________ (Chinese invention) and they had two types of sailed, used since classical times. ______ allowed for full advantage of winds from behind but did not work well in crosswinds. _____ were maneuverable and caught winds from being and the side. The most important equipments were the ______. Compass created by Chinese to find direction and astrolabe used by ______ to find latitude. They were soon replaced by ______. The knowledge of direction and latitude allowed europeans to assemble a lot of data on geography and navigate efficiently.