CHAPTER 22 ART 1304

32. Who is the artist whose Romantic vision produced emotional art reflecting the turmoil in Spain and in the conflict of his own life?

Francisc Goya

33. (Fig. 22-11) Who is the artist of this painting?

Francisco Goya, The Sleep ofReason Produces Monsters

34. (Fig. 22-12) Who is the artist of this painting?

Franciso Goya, Family of Charles IV

74. What Realist passion drove Bonheur?

A Realist passion for accuracy in painting drove Bonheur, but she resisted depicting the problematic social and political themes seen in the work of Courbet, Millet, Daumier, and other Realists.

96. (Fig. 22-38) Who is the artist of this painting?

Henry Ossawa Tanner, "The Thankful Poor."

92. (Fig. 22-35) Although this painting is Realism, How did Homer use symbolism in this painting?

Homer rejected realism in favor of symbolism. The former soldier's tool is a single-bladed scythe. The artist thus transformed the man who lived through the Civil War into a symbol of death—the Grim Reaper himself. In addition to being a tribute to the successful transition to peace, Veteran in a New Field is an elegy to the thousands of soldiers who did not return from the war

70. (Fig. 22-30) Who is the artist of this painting?

Honoré Daumier, Third-Class Carriage,

50. (Fig. 22-23) Who is the artist of this Romantic landscape?

Thomas Cole, The Oxbow

38. (Fig. 22-15) Who is the artist of this painting?

Théodore Géricault, Raft of the Medusa,

91. (Fig. 22-35) Who is the artist of this painting?

Winslow Homer "Veteran in a New Field."

21. Did Ingres consider himself a true Neoclassical painter? What artistic movement did he eventually battle against?

Yes he did consider himself a Neoclassical painter. He eventually battled against the "romantic movement" or "Romanticism."

12. The work of three of David's pupils, Gros, Girodet-Trioson, and Ingres, represents a departure from what?

Yet the work of his three most famous students—Ingres, Gros, and Girodet-Trioson—represents a departure from the structured confines of Neoclassicism.

20. Ingres, also produced works that were viewed by his contemporaries, as departures from what?

as departures from "Neoclassicism"

81. (Fig. 22-32) What did Manet seek to reassess in this painting?

In this work, he sought to reassess the nature of painting.

7. The already crowned Napoleon placing a crown on his wife's head underscores what authority?

when Napoleon placed a crown on his wife's head, further underscoring his authority and independence from the Church.

8. Did David have a strong commitment to classicism?

yes/true

76. Besides Courbet, who also was a pivotal artist during the 19th century?

Édouard Manet.

41. (Fig. 22-16) What does the female figure in this painting depict?

"Liberty Leading the people" by Delacroix - It depicts the bare-breasted personification of "Liberty." (This is an "allegory.")

68. (Fig. 22-29) Who is the artist of this artwork and what this recently invented medium?

"Rue Transnonain" by Honoré Daumier - It is a lithograph. (The medium is lithography).

51. (Fig. 22-23) What moral question does this painting address?

"The Oxbow" (View from Mount Holyoke after a Thunderstorm) by Thomas Cole - It address the moral question of America's direction as a civilization.

36. (Fig. 22-1) What is the name of this painting and who is the artist?

"The Raft of the Medusa" by Gericault .

16. (Fig. 22-5) Who is the artist of this painting?

ANTOINE-JEAN GROS, Napoleon at the Pesthouse at Jaff

30. Besides this taste for the sublime, what other tastes did the Romantics have?

Accompanying this taste for the sublime was the taste for the fantastic, occult, and macabre.

54. Accordingly, what did Realist artists focus their attention on?

Accordingly, Realists focused their attention on the people and events of their own time

59. (Fig. 22-27) Although this painting has the scale of a traditional history painting, what horrified the critics about it?

Although as imposing in scale as a traditional history painting, Burial at Ornans horrified critics because of the ordinary nature of the subject and Courbet's starkly antiheroic composition.

88. (Fig. 22-33) Although images of prostitutes were not unheard of during this period, What shocked the viewers about this painting?

Although images of prostitutes were not unheard of during this period, the shamelessness of Olympia and her look verging on defiance shocked viewers.

28. What two interests were among Romanticism's manifestations?

Among the leading manifestations of Romanticism was heightened interest in the medieval period and in the sublime.

18. (Fig. 22-6) Although this painting by Girodet-Trioson also has Neoclassicism at it's core, what elements or aspects contained in this painting, moves it further into the domain of Romanticism. Also, what appeal did it have to the public that would be considered more in the realm of Romanticism?

Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson, Burial of Atala

29. How was the notion of the "sublime" by the British politician and philosopher William Burke defined during this period?

Burke articulated his definition of the sublime: feelings of awe mixed with terror. Burke observed that pain or fear evoked the most intense human emotions and that these emotions could also be thrilling.

79. (Fig. 22-32) How is this painting consistent with Realistic principles?

Consistent with Realist principles, Manet painted a contemporary genre scene and based all four figures on real people

47. What was Constable's special gift in landscape painting?

Constable had a special gift for capturing the texture that climate and weather give to landscapes.

66. What growing movement frightened the Bourgeoisie?

Courbet was an ardent follower of Marx, and socialism was a growing movement. Both its views on property and its call for social justice, even economic equality, threatened and frightened the bourgeoisie.

71. What did Daumier have a concern with and frequently depict in his artwork?

Daumier frequently depicted the plight of the disinherited masses, the victims of 19th-century industrialization.

6. (Fig. 22-3) David conceptually divided this painting to reveal what polarities?

David conceptually divided the painting to high-light polarities. The pope, prelates, and priests representing the Catholic Church appear on the right. The members of Napoleon's imperial court are on the left.

9. From what principle source of Neoclassical subject matter did David initially demand that his students select their subjects?

David even initially demanded that his pupils select their subjects from Plutarch, the ancient author of Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans and a principal source of Neoclassical subject matter, although he himself also painted contemporary subjects

13. Gros, Girodet-Trioson, and Ingres laid the foundations for what movement?

David's pupils laid the foundation for the Romantic movement

42. (Fig. 22-16A & 22-17) Who is the artist of these paintings?

DelaCroix, Massacre at Chios

10. Due to this thorough classical foundation, David's students retained, at it's core, the elements of what style?

Due to this thorough classical foundation, David's students all produced work that at its core retains Neoclassical elements.

78. (Fig. 22-32) What is the name of this painting and who is the artist?

Edouard Manet "Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe" (Luncheon in the Grass).

86. (Fig. 22-33) What is the name of this painting and who is the artist?

Edouard Manet "Olympia."

39. (Fig. 22-16) Who is the artist of this painting?

Eugène Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus

17. (Fig. 22-5) What fascination and emphasis is shown in this painting that presaged or foreshadowed core elements of Romanticism?

Gros's huge painting glorifies Napoleon as possessing themiraculous power to heal and reflects Napoleon's compositional principles

58. (Fig. 22-27) Who is the artist of this painting?

Gustave Courbet Burial at Ornans.

57. (Fig. 22-26) What is the name of this painting and who is the artist?

Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers

35. What gigantic canvas was Géricault's most ambitious project?

Géricault's most ambitious project was Raft of the Medusa, an immense (23-foot-wide) can-vas with figures larger than life.

11. How was David's approach in his teaching to his students?

He gave practical instruction to and deeply influenced many important artists of the period.

95. What did Sargent learn from this study of the Baroque painter Velàzaquez?

He learned his adept application of paint in thin layers and his effortless achievement of quick and lively illusion from his study of Velázquez.

15. Like his teacher David, Gros produced several paintings that contributed to what aspect of Napoleon?

In the case of Gros's Napoleon in Jaffa, already examined, the choice of subject was spurred in large measure by Napoleon's eastern campaigns.. Historians and art historians alike refer to this European curiosity about the decidedly non-Western culture of the East as Orientalism—an interest antithetical to Neoclassicis

43. What did the painting technique of Delacroix exemplify?

It exemplifies (or is an example of ) "Romantic colorist painting." His painting technique: (While he paints, he catches the impression quickly - he paints very fast - (or as the textbook states in "academic terms" : "he develops the mood or impression in the execution process.")

1. Who did Napoleon Bonaparte approach and offer the position of first painter of the Empire?

Jacques-Louis David

5. (Fig. 22-3) What is the name of this monumental (huge) painting and who is the artist?

Jacques-Louis David, Coronation of Napoleon

19. (Fig. 22-7) What doctrines did this painting by Ingres present in a single statement, that generations of academic painters remained loyal to?

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Apotheosis of Homer Rather, the canvas presents in a single statement the Neoclassical doctrines of ideal form and composition. It is the artist's attempt to wed the styles of Raphael and classical antiquity.

22. (Fig. 22-8) What is the name of this painting and who is the artist?

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Grande Odalisque

60. (Fig. 22-28) Who is the artist of this painting?

Jean-François Millet, The Gleaners

46. What profession was Constable as an avocation?

John Constable devoted his career to paint-ing the English countryside during this agrarian crisis. The artist's father was a successful miller and flour merchant and a rural landowner of considerable wealth.

45. (Fig. 22-21) Who is the artist of this painting?

John Constable, The Hay Wain,

31. (Fig. 22-9) As exemplified in this painting, Henry Fuseli was among the first artists to attempt to depict what kind of subject matter?

John Henry Fuseli, The Nightmare Fuseli was among the first to attempt to depict the dark terrain of the human subconscious that became fertile ground for later artists.

94. (Fig. 22-37) Who is the artist of this painting?

John Singer Sargent, "The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit."

48. (Fig. 22-22) What Romantic landscape painter clearly illustrated the concept of the sublime?

Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Slave Ship

83. (Fig. 22-32) In incorporating these references and allusions into the composition of this painting, what was the impressive result? (You might say, what is the real and sophisticated topic or subject matter of this painting?)

Le Déjeuner is Manet's impressive critique of European painting since the Renaissance.

69. Daumier used this recent invention for what purpose?

Lithgraphy Daumier used the recent invention of what to reach a wide audience

85. (Fig. 22-32) However, Manet used art itself to call attention to art as the subject. In other words, what was Manet moving away from and what was he moving toward in the realm of art?

Manet aimed to move away from illusionism toward an open acknowledgment of painting's properties, such as the flatness of the painting surface, which would become a core principle of many later 19th-century painters as well as their successors to the present day.

80. (Fig. 22-32) Are the figures in this painting anonymous? Are the figures in this painting idealized?

Manet painted a contemporary genre scene and based all four figures on real people, including his brother and Victorine Meurent, Manet's favorite model at the time. The two men wear fashionable Parisian attire of the 1860s.

77. Besides being critical for the articulation of the Realist principles, Manet's art played an important role in the development of what?

Manet played an important role in the development of Impressionism in the 1870s

67. What did many in the French public of this period see in Millet's sympathetic portrayal of the poor?

Millet's sympathetic portrayal of the poor seemed to much of the public to be a political manifesto.

2. What art style appealed to Napoleon?

Neoclassicism

37. (Fig. 22-1) Is this a Neoclassical painting? Why?

No. Because it is "romanticism." The subject matter or topic is painted or presented in the style of "romanticism." Definitely not Neoclassical.

40. (Fig. 22-16) Does this historical painting depict poetic allegory?

No/False Although inspired by the 1821 narrative poem Sardanapalus by Lord Byron, the painting does not illustrate that text faithfully.

3. What link to the past did the Napoleon embrace?

Not surprisingly, Napoleon, embraced Neoclassicism as the ideal stylistic vehicle for linking his rule with the classical past and for expressing his imperial authority.

4. Napoleon wanted to rule an empire that might some day rival what other past empire?

Not surprisingly, Napoleon, who aspired to rule an empire that might one day rival ancient Rome's

87. What kind of name was Olympia in the 19th century?

Olympia was a common "professional" name for prostitutes in 19th-century Paris.

75. What subject matter did Bonheur turn to instead of problematic social and political issues?

Rather, she turned to the animal world—not, however, to the exotic wild animals that so fascinated Delacroix, but to animals common in the French countryside, especially horses, but also rabbits, cows, and sheep.

53. What did Realist artists argue?

Realist artists argued that only the contemporary world—what people can see—was "real."

25. Romanticism emerged from a desire for what kind of freedom?

Romanticism emerged from a desire for freedom—not only political freedom but also freedom of thought, feeling, action, worship, speech, and taste. Romantics asserted that freedom was the right and property of all.

24. The ideas of what philosopher contributed to Romanticism?

Romanticism owed much to the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

72. Who was the most celebrated woman artist of the 19th century?

Rosa Bonheur or Marie-Rosalie (Rosa) Bonheur

73. (Fig. 22-31) Who is the artist of this painting?

Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair

97. Tanner combined his belief in careful study from nature with what other aspect in his paintings?

Tanner combined the Realists' belief in careful study from nature with a desire to portray with dignity the life of African American families. The lighting reinforces the painting's reverent spirit.

64. (Fig. 22-28) Why did the public react to Millet's painting with disdain and suspicion?

The French public reacted to Millet with the same disdain and suspicion with which it greeted Courbet. In the aftermath of the 1848 revolution, Millet's investiture of the poor with solemn grandeur did not meet with approval from the newly prosperous middle class.

90. How did critics fault Manet for his artistic style (his brush strokes and the way he executed the shifts from light to dark)?

The brush strokes are much rougher and the shifts in tonality are far more abrupt than the brush strokes found in traditional academic painting (in which the paintings were executed with smooth, flat brush strokes and the tonality from dark to light was gradual).

63. What is gleaning?

The collection by peasants of wheat scraps left in the field after a harvest.

82. (Fig. 22-32) What sophisticated references are contained in the composition to achieve this goal?

The composition contains sophisticated references and allusions to many artistic genres—history painting, portraiture, pastoral scenes, nudes.

52. (Fig. 22-23) How did Cole organize the composition to address this moral issue?

The dark stormy wilderness on the left side of the painting composition and the more developed civilization on the right side of the painting composition.

89. (Fig. 22-33) Although the depiction of a black woman was not new to painting, how did the viewing French public perceive Manet's inclusion of both a black woman and a nude prostitute in this painting?

The depiction of a black woman was also not new to painting, but the French public perceived Manet's inclusion of both a black maid and a naked prostitute as evoking moral depravity. The contrast of the black servant with the fair-skinned courtesan also conjured racial divisions.

49. (Fig. 22-22) What is the key ingredient of Turner's personal style?

The essence of Turner's innovative style is the emotive power of color. He released color from any defining outlines to express both the forces of nature and the painter's emotional response to them.

56. Who was the leading figure of the Realist movement in 19th-century art?

The leading figure of the Realist movement in 19th-century art was Gustave Courbet

65. The middle class of this period linked the poor with what newly-defined class?

The middle class also linked the poor with the growing and increasingly assertive working class, which was finding outspoken champions in men such as Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and the novelists Émile Zola and Charles Dickens

27. Therefore, the transition from Neoclassicism to Romanticism represented a shift in emphasis from what to what?

The transition from Neoclassicism to Romanticism in art was more than a stylistic shift. It represented a philosophical change in emphasis from calculation to intuition, from reason to emotion.

26. Romantics believed the path to freedom was through what means?

They believed that the path to freedom was through imagination and feeling rather than reason.

84. (Fig. 22-32) What, instead, did the French public see in this painting? How did the critics view it?

This audacious painting outraged the French public. Rather than a traditional pastoral scene, Le Déjeuner is not populated by anonymous idealized figures in an idyllic setting. Instead, it features ordinary men and what the public regarded as promiscuous women in a Parisian park, and, as Manet's images frequently do, calls attention to the visible—and unsettling for many—collapse of a class-based society in the wake of the 1848 revolution.

93. (Fig. 22-36) Why was this Realistic painting by Thomas Eakins rejected for the Philadelphia exhibition celebrating America's centennial?

Thomas Eakins "The Gross Clinic." The too-brutal realism of Eakins's depiction of a medical college operating amphitheater caused this painting's rejection from the Philadelphia exhibition celebrating America's centennial.

44. What does the notion of the term "picturesque", particularly resonant in the Romantic era, refer to?

To be sure, earlier artists, especially in the 18th century, regarded the comforting, aesthetic mood that nature inspired as making the landscape itself picturesque—that is, worthy of being painted. Resonant in the Romantic era. The pleasurable, aesthetic mood that natural landscape inspired/ worthy of being painted.

62. What did the landowning nobles of this period permit the impoverished peasants to do in the fields?

Wealthy landowners traditionally permitted peasants to glean, or collect, the wheat scraps left in the field after the harvest.

23. (Fig. 22-8) What did Ingres do with this Neoclassical figure that makes it consistent with Romantic tastes?

by converting the figure to an odalisque (woman in a Turkish harem), Ingres, unlike Canova, made a strong concession to the burgeoning Romantic taste for Orientalist subjects.

14. Although their artwork remained Neoclassical at its core, what realm did they explore for the subjects in their paintings?

by exploring the realm of the exotic and the erotic, and often by turning to fictional narratives for the subjects of their paintings, as the Romantic artists would also do.

55. What did Realist artists disapprove of and on what grounds?

disapproved of historical and fictional subjects on the grounds that they could not be observed and therefore could not be accurately recorded by artists.

61. (Fig. 22-28) What does this painting depict?

he depicted three impoverished women—members of the lowest level of peas-ant society—performing the backbreaking task of gleaning.