Chapter 22 Homework- Respiratory System
Emphysema is COPD that may lead to which of the following? Check all that apply.
-Alveolar wall breakdown -Reduced respiratory membrane surface area and gas exchange -Hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and respiratory acidosis -Polycythemia -Cor pulmonale
Which of the following are functions of the respiratory system? Check all that apply.
-Filters small blood clots from the bloodstream -Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which helps to regulate blood pressure -Serves for speech and other vocalization
Which of the following structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system? Check all that apply.
-pharynx -larynx -trachea -main bronchi
The ____________ receives input from higher brain centers and issues output to both the DRG and VRG.
Pontine respiratory group
The oxygen remaining in the blood after it passes through the capillary bed provides a venous ____________ .
reserve
The ____________ system provides for gaseous exchange between the environment and blood stream.
respiratory
Elevated temperatures and a drop in pH will shift the dissociation curve to the ____________ .
right
The ____________ system provides rigidity to the thoracic cage for respiratory mechanics.
skeletal
This is enough oxygen to ____________ life for 4-5 minutes in the event of respiratory arrest.
sustain
What determines the direction of gas movement?
the partial pressure differences
Oxygen-poor blood is carried through systemic veins from the body tissues back to the heart. (true or false)
true
The partial pressure of a gas is measured in millimeters of mercury. (true or false)
true
The partial pressure of oxygen usually has little effect on quiet respiration. (true or false)
true
A shift in the curve to the right promotes an increased rate of oxygen ____________ .
unloading
The ____________ is the primary generator of the respiratory rhythm.
ventral respiratory group
Inspiration - Muscles Involved
*Diaphragm (dome shaped) -contraction flattens diaphragm *Scalenes -fix first pair of ribs *External intercostals -elevate 2 - 12 pairs *Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid and erector spinae muscles -used in deep inspiration
Place the respiratory structures into the order that air would pass through them during a normal inspiration.
*outside of body* 1. trachea 2. primary bronchus 3. secondary bronchus 4. tertiary bronchus 5. bronchiole 6. terminal bronchiole 7. respiratory bronchiole 8. alveolar duct 9. alveolar sac 10. alveolus *inside of body*
Place the following structures in the correct order through which a molecule of air would pass as it moves from the nose to the alveoli.
1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx 4. trachea 5. carina 6. main bronchi 7. lobar bronchi 8. segmental bronchi 9. bronchiole 10. terminal bronchiole 11. respiratory bronchiole
Place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs.
1.) Primary bronchus 2.) Secondary bronchus 3.) Tertiary bronchus 4.) Terminal bronchiole 5.) Respiratory bronchiole 6.) Alveolar duct
Complete each sentence with the correct word.
According to Boyle's law, as volume decreases, pressure increases, and as volume increases, pressure decreases. Air always moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. During inspiration, the pressure in the alveoli is less than the atmospheric pressure. During expiration, the atmospheric pressure is less than the alveolar pressure. When the diaphragm muscle contracts, the pressure in the alveoli decreases. As the intercostal muscles relax and the thoracic cavity becomes smaller, the pressure in the alveoli increases.
Which of the following explains why the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is nonlinear (s-shaped)?
Binding of the first oxygen molecule to hemoglobin facilitates the binding of additional oxygen, so the midportion of the curve becomes steeper.
This concept, specifically the change in pH, is referred to as the ____________ effect.
Bohr
At the arterial end of a tissue capillary, rank the following structures from highest to lowest Po2.
Capillaries, tissue fluid, cells
Which ring-shaped cartilage forms the inferior part of the voice box?
Cricoid cartilage
Inspiration and Forced Expiration Muscles Involved
Diaphragm & internal intercostals
____________ law states that the amount of gas dissolving in water is determined by its partial pressure.
Henry's
Which term refers to the double-walled serous membrane that encloses each lung?
Pleurae
Which of the following statements about partial pressures of gases in the tissues is true?
Po2 in blood > Po2 in tissues; Pco2 in blood < Pco2 in tissues
Which of the following statements about partial pressures of gases in the lungs is true?
Po2 in the lungs > Po2 in the blood; Pco2 in the lungs < Pco2 in the blood
Which of the following is true at the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries?
The Pco2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli.
Which of the following is true at the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries?
The Po2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.
The ____________ issues output to the VRG that modifies the respiratory rhythm to adapt to varying conditions.
dorsal respiratory group
What is the definition of partial pressure?
The separate contribution of pressure by each each individual gas comprising air
Match each respiratory volume to its definition.
Tidal Volume (TV): the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): the amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume. Residual Volume (RV): the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration. Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV): the amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval.
At the venous end of tissue capillaries, there is no net movement of O2 and CO2. (true or false)
True
Gases diffuse because of differences in partial pressures from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. (true or false)
True
When partial pressures for a given gas are equal between the capillaries and the tissue fluids, no net movement of that gas occurs. (true or false)
True
Intrapleural pressure is always greater than atmospheric pressure.
false
Oxygen-rich blood is carried through pulmonary arteries from the lungs to the heart. (true or false)
false
For a given Po₂, hemoglobin unloads more oxygen at ____________ temperatures.
higher
Since blood arriving at the alveolus has a ____________ Pco2 than air, it releases CO2 into the air.
higher
Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Check all that apply.
bicarbonate ion, dissolved gas, and carbaminohemoglobin
This exchange occurs at the ____________ .
capillaries
The thoracic pump of the respiratory system promotes increased ____________ venous return to the right side of the heart.
cardiovascular
Monitoring CO₂ levels by detecting pH of the CSF is the function of ____________ .
central chemoreceptors
Alternately, carbon dioxide is loading during an exchange called a ____________ shift.
chloride
Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below.
diaphragm & intercostals
Fecal elimination is promoted via use of the Valsalva maneuver, which is an example of ____________ and respiratory interaction.
digestive
Each gas in a mixture behaves ____________ .
independently
The diffusion of one gas does not ____________ the diffusion of another.
influence
As part of the ____________ system, nose guard hairs reduce inhalation of other foreign matter.
integumentary
At a given Po₂, hemoglobin also unloads more oxygen at a ____________ pH.
lower
The ____________ system benefits from the thoracic pump by the promotion of lymph return.
lymphatic
Systemic gas exchange is the unloading of ____________ and loading of carbon dioxide.
oxygen
Thus, the greater the Po₂ in the alveolar air, the more ____________ the blood picks up.
oxygen
Metabolic acidosis would stimulate the ____________ leading to an increase in their rate of respiration.
peripheral chemoreceptors
Forced Expiration Muscles Involved
rectus abdominis & external oblique
