Chapter 22 Mastering A&P

Each IgG has ________ binding sites for attachment to antigenic determinants. 2 4 1 up to 8 as many as a 1000

2

The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps?1. Several cycles of mitosis occur.2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage.3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection.4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen.5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells.6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin. 3, 6, 4, 5, 1, 2 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 6 4, 1, 5, 3, 6, 2 2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6

2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6

Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur: 1. Endosome fuses with lysozome 2. Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus 3. Epitopes are attached to MHC-II 4. Digestion of the Rhinovirus 5. MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell 2,4,1,3,5 1,2,4,3,5 2,1,4,3,5 2,1,3,4,5

2,1,4,3,5

Correctly order the steps involved cellular immunity: 1. The Tc recognizes the infected host cell 2. The Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell 3. The Tc secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis 4. The helper T cell activates the Tc cell 2,4,1,3 4,2,1,3 1,2,4,3 2,1,3,4

2,4,1,3

If the disulfide bonds in IgG were broken, how many peptide chains would be set free? 1 8 6 2 4

4

Place the following steps of NK cell killing in order.1. Secretion of perforin2. Realignment of Golgi apparatus3. Lysis of abnormal cell4. Recognition and adhesion 1, 4, 3, 2 4, 2, 1, 3 4, 1, 2, 3 2, 1, 4, 3 1, 2, 4, 3

4, 2, 1, 3

An example of an immunodeficiency disease is __________. thyroiditis rheumatoid arthritis type 1 diabetes AIDS

AIDS

Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production? Activation of helper T cells by dendritic cells Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells Naive B cells conducting surveillance for foreign epitopes Differentiation of plasma cells

Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells

Which of the following statements is true? Adaptive defenses include humoral immunity only. Memory B cells are typically established when the B cell binds to an antigen. Innate defenses are enough to keep a person healthly. Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity.

Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity

Which of these is an example of an interaction between the endocrine system and the immune system? -Hormones produced by the thymus and cytokines produced by cells of the immune system help establish the normal levels of CRH and TRH produced by the hypothalamus. -Removal of the thymus lowers brain endorphin levels. -The thymus secretes thymosin. -All of these are examples of interactions between the endocrine system and the immune system.

All of these are examples of interactions between the endocrine system and the immune system

What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell? -An activated B cell will kill infected host cells. -An activated B cell will immediately begin to produce antibodies. -An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and -plasma cells. -An activated B cell will engulf and digest anything foreign.

An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells

Steps in antigen presentation include which of these? Phagocytic antigen-presenting cells engulf pathogens. Antigens are digested. Antigen fragments appear on the antigen-presenting cell's surface. Antigen presentation includes all of these steps.

Antigen presentation includes all of these steps

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells. suppressor T B helper T NK cytotoxic T

B

Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another? CD4 and MHC-II BCR and epitope BCR and TCR CD8 and MHC-I

BCR and TCR

Which of the following is true of both lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries? Both types have a diameter of approximately 8 micrometers. Both types form continuous tubes. Both types allow the free entry of viruses and proteins. Both types are composed of endothelium.

Both types are composed of endothelium

Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)? CD8 CD4

CD8

Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells? CD6 cells CD8 cells CD4 cells

CD8 cells

An abnormal cell would be identified by the immune system because it showed Class I MHC proteins with an antigen bound. Class II MHC proteins with an antigen bound. Class II MHC proteins. a CD3 receptor complex in the membrane. Class I MHC proteins.

Class I MHC proteins with an antigen bound

A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count? Activation of cytotoxic T cells Clonal selection of B cells Apoptosis of infected host cells Clonal expansion and antibody production

Clonal selection of B cells

Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells? Cytotoxic T cells B cells macrophages

Cytotoxic T cells

What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response? -Helper T cells produce and secrete antibodies. -Helper T cells directly kill infected host cells. -Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells. -Helper T cells phagocytize bacteria and viruses.

Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells

HIV-infected individuals experience many more opportunistic infections of otherwise nonthreatening microbes because of a severe lack of functioning helper T cells and an associated immunosuppression. Which of the following statements about helper T cells is INCORRECT? -Helper T cells activate sensitized B cells, which then begin producing and secreting antibodies. -Helper T cells have CD 4 markers, which are crucial in recognizing infected antigen-presenting cells. -Helper T cells secrete perforin and lymphotoxins to actively combat infected cells. -All of the listed statements about helper T cells are correct.

Helper T cells secrete perforin and lymphotoxins to actively combat infected cells

If an infected cell releases antigens into the extracellular fluid, which class of antibodies would be involved in the sensitization process of B cells? IgM IgA IgG IgD

IgD

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and that may activate antibody production are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgD

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgE

Which class of immunoglobulins sensitizes cells to allergens? IgA IgG IgE IgD

IgE

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgG

Pregnant women are encouraged to get flu shots so that the maternal ________ can pass through the placenta to the fetus. IgG IgM IgD IgA IgE

IgG

Anti-A and Anti-B blood typing antibodies are of which class? IgM IgA IgG IgE IgD

IgM

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgM

Which class of antibody forms a five-antibody starburst? IgA IgM IgE IgG

IgM

During the primary response, which antibody peaks sooner? During the secondary response, which antibody level is higher? (Figure 22-25) IgG; IgM IgM; IgG IgD; IgE IgA; IgG IgE; IgA

IgM; IgG

________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time. Secondary Responder Memory Primary Transponder

Memory

The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again? Dendritic cells Plasma cells Memory B cells Antibodies that are "left over" from the last infection

Memory B cells

After the appearance of bacteria in the body, which immune cell is present for the shortest amount of time? (Figure 22-26) NK cells neutrophils plasma cells macrophages cytotoxic T cells

NK cells

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells? NK cells induce the target cell to undergo "apoptosis" (cell suicide). NK cells attack transplanted organs. NK cells attack infected or cancerous cells. NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.

NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.

Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine? Peyer's patches tonsils appendix

Peyer's patches

________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine. Adenoids Immune complexes Lymph glands Tonsils Peyer's patches

Peyer's patches

Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells? Secretion of granzyme Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein Secretion of perforin Recognition of infected host cell using its TCR

Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein

Which of these is NOT a step in antibody-mediated immune defense? Helper T cells secrete cytokines. T cells secrete immunoglobulins. The antigen-specific helper T cells bind to sensitized B cells. The antigen binds specifically to B cell antibodies.

T cells secrete immunoglobulins

We study three types of immune disorders: immunodeficiency disorders, autoimmune disorders, and allergies. AIDS is an example of an immunodeficiency disorder. How is it different from a severe allergy or an autoimmune disorder, such as Type 1 diabetes? -The immune system of AIDS patients is hypersensitive to certain antigens and therefore mounts an exaggerated attack that is accompanied by often debilitating side effects. -The immune system of AIDS patients lacks the necessary coordination between cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity and is thus virtually nonfunctional. -The immune system of AIDS patients has lost its tolerance for self-antigens and considers them foreign, so it develops antibodies to combat the body's own cells. -AIDS patients experience a sudden, severe, and system-wide drop in blood pressure leading to circulatory collapse and possibly death in response to a particular antigen.

The immune system of AIDS patients lacks the necessary coordination between cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity and is thus virtually nonfunctional

________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen. Tolerance Memory Immunity Adaptation Versatility

Tolerance

The end result of the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation is an increase in pyrogen release. C1 bound to two antibodies. activated C3B attached to the cell wall. release of histamine. activation of properdin.

activated C3B attached to the cell wall

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it produces T cells. lies in the anterior mediastinum. involutes after puberty. reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life. activates B cells.

activates B cells

Different mechanisms of cytoxoxic T cell destruction include all of the following EXCEPT __________. stimulating apoptosis secreting perforins activation of CD4 marker response to antigen presentation disrupting cell metabolism

activation of CD4 marker response to antigen presentation

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by adaptive immunity. immunological surveillance. innate immunity. skin defenses. fever.

adaptive immunity

Identify the structure labeled "1." lymphatic nodule arteriole afferent lymphatic vessel efferent lymphatic vessel venule

afferent lymphatic vessel

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called opsonization. activation. agglutination. precipitation. neutralization.

agglutination

Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them? B cells all nucleated cells dendritic cells macrophages

all nucleated cells

Antigens that trigger allergic reactions are called interferons. agglutinins. microbes. pyrogens. allergens.

allergens

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are signs of a weak immune system. autoimmune diseases. the result of stress. immunodeficiency diseases. allergies.

allergies

Lymphatic capillaries are known for all of the following except allowing nutrient and gas exchange. having larger diameters and looser walls than blood capillaries. being the starting point of the lymphatic circulation. having shingle-like endothelial cells. being the smallest lymphatic vessels.

allowing nutrient and gas exchange

Free phagocytes found in the air sacs of the lungs are called pleurocytes. alveolar macrophages. histiocytes. Kupffer cells. microglia.

alveolar macrophages

Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when a cancerous cell gets attacked by NK cells. an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen. a helper T cell has engulfed an antigen. the body cells are healthy. a virus-infected cell secretes interferons.

an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen

What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to? pathogen an antigenic determinant antigen antibody

an antigenic determinant

The body's innate defenses include all of the following except interferon. inflammation. antibodies. the skin. complement.

antibodies

The complement system works closely with and complements the action of interferons. phagocytes. pyrogens. antibodies. microphages.

antibodies

Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis? antibodies and complement proteins natural killer (NK) cells T cells interferons

antibodies and complement proteins

Newborns gain their immunity initially from early immunizations during routine neo-natal check-ups. antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother. contact with siblings. breast milk. contact with viruses and bacteria.

antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother

What aspect of the immune response is indicated by the brown line in the image (indicated by the red arrow)? macrophages cytotoxic T cells plasma cells antibody level

antibody level

The human body contains over 75 trillion cells, yet under normal conditions, the T cells only attack specific cells. Which of the following is NOT a trait associated with T cells? antigenic fragments displayed by Class II MHC proteins antigen presentation by Class I MHC proteins antibody production costimulation

antibody production

A substance that provokes an immune response is called an allopath. immunoglobulin. antigen. antihistamine. antibody.

antigen

Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types? antigen-presenting cells all nucleated cells

antigen-presenting cells

The portions of an antigen to which antibodies bind are the antigen activation segments. reactive sites. antibody active sites. active sites. antigenic determinant sites.

antigenic determinant sites

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions like hay fever may be treated by anti-rheumatic drugs. immunosuppressive drugs. antihistamines. interferons. aspirin.

antihistamines

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they have no basement membrane. have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles. are frequently irregular in shape. have only a tunica interna. are smaller in diameter.

are smaller in diameter

Immunity that results from vaccination against influenza is classified as __________. naturally acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity

artificially acquired active immunity

What type of immunity develops after receiving a vaccine? (Figure 22-17) artificially acquired passive immunity naturally acquired active immunity artificially acquired active immunity innate immunity naturally acquired passive immunity

artificially acquired active immunity

Frank was bitten by a rattlesnake and received anti-venom containing neutralizing antibodies. Frank received ________ immunity and he ________ long-term immunity as a result. artificially acquired passive immunity; will have naturally acquired active immunity; will not have artificially acquired passive immunity; will not have naturally acquired active immunity; will have naturally acquired passive immunity; will have

artificially acquired passive immunity; will not have

When the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, a(n) ________ develops. immunodeficiency disease autoimmune disease cross-reaction allergic response agglutination reaction

autoimmune disease

The production of autoantibodies generally causes allergic reactions. autoimmune diseases. immunodeficiency diseases. allergic reactions and immunodeficiency diseases. a normal immune response.

autoimmune diseases

In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte. depolarize the lymphocyte. bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface. enter the cytoplasm of the lymphocyte. be phagocytized by the lymphocyte.

bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface

Which of the following is not a property of an IgG heavy chain? binds one light chain binds complement in the constant region has one variable segment has one constant segment binds antigen at both ends

binds antigen at both ends

In passive immunity, the body receives antibodies produced by other humans. immune system attacks normal body cells. body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal. body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. body receives antibodies produced by an animal.

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal

T cells develop from stem cells in the thymus. liver. bone marrow. spleen. kidneys.

bone marrow

Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs? appendix and spleen spleen and thymus lymph nodes and tonsils bone marrow and thymus

bone marrow and thymus

Microphages include Kupffer cells. eosinophils. monocytes. neutrophils. both neutrophils and eosinophils.

both neutrophils and eosinophils.

If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated? cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity) antibody-mediated immunity humoral immunity

cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called chemotaxis. polarity. cytotoxicity. diapedesis. infection.

chemotaxis

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. redness of the inflamed tissue. swelling of the inflamed tissue. chemotaxis of phagocytes. heat of the inflamed tissue.

chemotaxis of phagocytes

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the thoracic sinus. hilum. thoracic trunk. cisterna chyli. thoracic ventricle.

cisterna chyli

What is the blue structure indicated by the red arrow? class II MHC complement protein foreign antigen class I MHC

class I MHC

Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens? class I MHC proteins class II MHC proteins

class II MHC proteins

The term immunological ________ refers to the ability to demonstrate an immune response upon exposure to an antigen. determination readiness competence drive potency

competence

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except complement. epithelium. body hair. basement membranes. secretions.

complement

What defense mechanism is shown in the images above? perforin pyrogen complement interferon

complement

Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis? interferons complement proteins natural killer (NK) cells cytokines

complement proteins

A ________ antigen is an antigen with at least two antigenic determinant sites. perfect paired mature complete dipolar

complete

Lymphatic capillaries are not found in cornea of the eye. skeletal muscles. the skin. the digestive system. the liver.

cornea of the eye

Identify the structure labeled "6." medulla trabeculae capsule cortical sinus cortex

cortex

A T cell can only become activated after being physically or chemically stimulated by the abnormal target cell in a process called neutralization. precipitation. opsonization. sensitization. costimulation.

costimulation

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. B plasma cytotoxic T helper T suppressor T

cytotoxic T

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells. dendritic helper T cytotoxic T plasma suppressor T

cytotoxic T

The lymphocytes that enter tissues and directly attack antigens are __________ cells. cytotoxic T helper T suppressor T B cells

cytotoxic T

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell. plasma helper T cytotoxic T NK B

cytotoxic T

CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells. cytoxic; helper NK; cytoxic helper; suppressor plasma; NK suppressor; cytoxic

cytoxic; helper

Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells? lymphoid follicles of the outer cortex deep in the cortex germinal centers of the cortex medullary cords in the medulla

deep in the cortex

The primary function of the lymphatic system is defending the body against both external and internal threats. the transport of hormones. the production and maturation of leukocytes. circulation of nutrients and dissolved gases. the production and distribution of plasma proteins.

defending the body against both external and internal threats

Antigen-presenting cells located in the epithelia of the skin are called keratinocytes. squamous macrophages. germinative cells. Merkel cells. dendritic cells.

dendritic cells

What defense mechanism is shown in this image? antibody activation action of the complement system destruction by an NK cell effects of interferon

destruction by an NK cell

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called adherens. chemotaxis. transcytosis. diffusion. diapedesis.

diapedesis

Autoantibodies are directed against the body's own antigens. important in tissue rejection reactions. produced during an allergic reaction. produced by activated T cells. the first step in immunological competence.

directed against the body's own antigens

The ________ lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum. descending lateral afferent efferent ascending

efferent

The blood-thymus barrier is made up of mature T cells. macrophages. epithelial reticular cells. plasma cells. immature T cells.

epithelial reticular cells

T cells and B cells can be activated only by disease-causing agents. interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors. cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or cancer cells. exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane. pathogens.

exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane

Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule. sinus regions capsular space cortical layer stroma germinal center

germinal center

Stress suppresses the immune response through the action of __________. tumor necrosis factors glucocorticoids interferons colony-stimulating factors

glucocorticoids

Partial antigens that do not cause B cell activation alone are called complete antigens. immunoglobulins. mature antigens. haptens. short chains.

haptens

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their heavy-chain constant segments. antigen specificity. reactivity. light-chain variable segments. asymmetry.

heavy-chain constant segments

Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells. plasma cytotoxic T helper T NK B

helper T

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells. helper T B suppressor T cytotoxic T plasma

helper T

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell. NK suppressor T helper T plasma cytotoxic T

helper T

Which class of T lymphocyte is killed by the AIDS virus? NK cytotoxic T suppressor T helper T

helper T

A new virus, C75AP, is identified that can suppress the immune response for certain types of lymphocytes by infecting them. If infected, the loss of function for which lymphocyte would have the greatest impact on subsequent immune response? helper T cells NK cells cytotoxic T cells B cells

helper T cells

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of plasma cells. antibodies. macrophages. antigens. helper T cells.

helper T cells

All of the following are characteristics of anaphylaxis except IgE antibodies are produced. the first exposure does not always lead to a reaction. symptoms include capillary dilation, airway constriction, pain and itching. helper T cells are destroyed. sensitized mast cells and basophils are stimulated upon each exposure to an allergen.

helper T cells are destroyed

What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient? humoral immunity cellular immunity cell-mediated immunity

humoral immunity

In a(n) ________, either the immune system fails to develop normally or the immune response is blocked. cross-reaction autoimmune disease agglutination reaction allergic response immunodeficiency disease

immunodeficiency disease

Another term for antibodies is cytokines. immunoglobulins. interleukins. interferons. cytosolic factors.

immunoglobulins

Milly has just received a kidney transplant and is taking cyclosporin A to help prevent graft rejection. This medication is one in a class of drugs known as ________ drugs. antibiotic anticoagulant retroviral analgesic immunosuppressive

immunosuppressive

Martha had a heart transplant. In order to keep her body from rejecting the transplant she takes antacids. immunosuppressive drugs. anti-rheumatic drugs. anti-histamines. aspirin.

immunosuppressive drugs

A change in the immune system that RARELY accompanies aging is __________. fewer helper T cells improved immunological surveillance T cells less responsive to antigens fewer cytotoxic T cells

improved immunological surveillance

Which of the following is NOT an effect of glucocorticoid secretion on the effectiveness of the immune response? depressed inflammation response inhibition of interleukin secretion increased interferon activity reduced abundance and activity of phagocytes in peripheral tissues

increased interferon activity

Suppressor T cells act to limit antigen proliferation. erase memory T cells. suppress antigens. inhibit T and B cell activities. produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity.

inhibit T and B cell activities

Stress can affect the immune response in all of the following ways except by increasing the level of cortisol. reducing the number of phagocytes. inhibiting glucocorticoid release. depressing the inflammatory response. inhibiting interleukin secretion.

inhibiting glucocorticoid release

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. active natural passive passive auto innate

innate

Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system? adaptive defenses innate external defenses innate internal defenses

innate external defenses

Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system? adaptive defenses innate internal defenses innate external defenses

innate internal defenses

Interferons interfere with viral replication. prevent viruses from leaving a cell. prevent viruses from entering a cell. bind to viruses and destroy them. reduce macrophage chemotaxis to the infection.

interfere with viral replication

Which type of interferon attracts and stimulates NK cells as a way to enhance viral resistance to viral infection? (Figure 22-12) interferon delta interferon beta interferon gamma interferon omega interferon alpha

interferon alpha

Cytokines that make a cell and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called interferons. transferrins. immunoglobulins. complement. interleukins.

interferons

Kaposi's sarcoma is a type of cancer that is caused by the human herpesvirus-8. Which of the following would be the best treatment option for this type of cancer? interferons colony-stimulating factors interleukins transforming growth factor beta

interferons

Hormones that regulate the activity of B cells and T cells and enhance nonspecific defense are called mineralocorticoids. immunoglobulins. interleukins. calcitriol. glucocorticoids.

interleukins

Infection with the HIV virus occurs through airborne droplets from coughs and sneezes. eating contaminated food. casual contact with an infected individual. intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids. sharing clothes with an infected individual.

intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids

Which of the following descriptions is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity? intolerance memory versatility specificity

intolerance

Which of the following is not a characteristic of AIDS? attacks the T helper (CD4) cells is declining worldwide has killed at least 1/2 million people in the United States almost always eventually fatal is spread most often through sexual contact

is declining worldwide

A sensitized B cell typically is not activated until antibodies have been produced. it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines. it has cloned plasma cells. it binds a cytotoxic T cell. memory B cells have been cloned.

it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines

All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. it depends on memory B cells. it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell. it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells.

it depends on memory B cells

Into which blood vessel will lymph flow if it starts at the red arrow? left subclavian vein right subclavian vein right lymphatic duct inferior vena cava

left subclavian vein

Which of these is NOT a lymphoid organ? liver lymph node spleen thymus

liver

Lymphatic vessels provide a conduit for metastasizing cancer cells. Ideally, such cells are removed and destroyed by what structure, which thus prevents the spread of cancer? tonsils red pulp of the spleen lymph nodes All of the listed responses are correct.

lymph nodes

The lymphoid organ that acts like a filter as lymph passes through is appendix. tonsils. adenoids. lymph nodes. thymus.

lymph nodes

An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called lymphopenia. lymphosis. lymphadenopathy. lymphoma. lymphedema.

lymphedema

The lymphoid tissue of the spleen ("white pulp") contains many __________. red blood cells free macrophages lymphocytes arteries

lymphocytes

Which cell type is essential to the immune response? hepatocytes lymphocytes fibrocytes keratinocytes

lymphocytes

Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following? liver cells and macrophages in the spleen lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells granulocytes and microphages all body cells with a nucleus red blood cells

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

What types of cells are found in the white pulp of the spleen and in the red pulp of the spleen? (Figure 22-8) lymphocytes; red blood cells red blood cells; lymphocytes lymphocytes; epithelial reticular cells red blood cells; macrophages epithelial cells; endocrine cells

lymphocytes; red blood cells

Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? Natural Killer cells B lymphocytes neutrophils macrophages T lymphocytes

macrophages

Which of the following is not a lymphocyte? plasma cells memory T cells macrophages NK cells suppressor T cells

macrophages

An inflammatory response is triggered when blood flow to an area increases. T cells release interferon. mast cells release histamine and heparin. red blood cells release pyrogens. neutrophils phagocytize bacteria.

mast cells release histamine and heparin

Identify the structure labeled "2." trabeculae capsule deep cortex subcapsular space medullary cord

medullary cord

Fixed macrophages that are found in the central nervous system are called oligodendrocytes. astrocytes. microglia. Kupffer cells. ventricular macrophages.

microglia

Changes in the immune system that accompany aging include all of the following except T cells becoming less responsive to antigens. more efficient secondary responses. B cells are less responsive. fewer cytotoxic T cells responding to infections. decreased numbers of T helper cells.

more efficient secondary responses

Hormones of the immune system include all of the following except interleukins. thymosins. tumor necrosis factor. natriuretic factor. interferons.

natriuretic factor

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. naturally acquired passive innate naturally acquired active artificially acquired active artificially acquired passive

naturally acquired active

What is the type of immunity one acquires through contracting a disease such as chicken pox from another infected person? naturally acquired passive immunity naturally acquired active immunity innate immunity artificially acquired active immunity

naturally acquired active immunity

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. naturally acquired passive artificially acquired passive naturally acquired active artificially acquired active innate

naturally acquired passive

The process by which antibodies bind to antigenic sites on viruses or toxins, rendering them incapable of binding to other cells, is called opsonization. activation. agglutination. precipitation. neutralization.

neutralization

During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur except -antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. -the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type. -B cells may undergo several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma cells and memory cells. -B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately. -neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.

neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances

An antigen-antibody complex can cause the elimination of an antigen by __________. reducing inflammation deactivation of the complement system exposing the binding sites of the virus or bacterial toxin to the cell opsonization

opsonization

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called opsonization. activation. agglutination. precipitation. neutralization.

opsonization

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of active immunization. innate immunity. natural immunity. alloimmunity. passive immunization.

passive immunization

NK cells use ________ to lyse abnormal cells. phagocytosis pyrogen interferon perforin complement

perforin

What cells make antibodies? memory B cells cytotoxic T cells memory T cells plasma B cells

plasma B cells

The process by which soluble antigens combine with antibodies to form insoluble immune complexes is called opsonization. activation. agglutination. precipitation. neutralization.

precipitation

All of the following are characteristics of adaptive defenses except versatility. specificity. memory. present at birth. tolerance.

present at birth

An important protein in the activation of the alternative pathway of complement activation is interferon. C1. fibrin. histamine. properdin.

properdin

Helper T cells do all of the following except enhance nonspecific defenses. enhance production of memory and cytotoxic T cells. provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen. attract macrophages to the affected area. trigger B-cell division, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production.

provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons? secrete strong acid secrete free radicals secrete organic solvent secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis secrete mutant proteins that get incorporated into the target's DNA

secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis

When antigens bind to inactive B cells and are brought into the cell by endocytosis to be displayed on the Class II MHC proteins this results in ________ of the B cells. cloning co-stimulation division activation sensitization

sensitization

Which is not a way that antigen-antibody complexes may cause elimination of the antigen? activation of complement opsonization sensitization enhancing phagocytosis neutralization

sensitization

T cells and B cells destroy one antigen without affecting other antigens or normal tissues, this is termed specificity. versatility. antigen processing. memory. tolerance.

specificity

Interleukins do all of the following except stimulate B-cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production. stimulate collagen synthesis. stimulate inflammation. increase T-cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes. elevate body temperature.

stimulate collagen synthesis

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably serum. tears. interstitial. lymph. blood.

tears

A measure of antibody level in the plasma is the secondary response. the antibody titer. antigen concentration. the primary response. body temperature.

the antibody titer

On what portion of an antigen do the antibodies bind? the hapten the epitope the constant segments of the light chains tthe complement binding site

the epitope

Which of the labels indicates a structure through which lymph flows? the small, dark structure labeled A the bi-lobed, pale structure labeled B the small, green-colored structure labeled C the large, reddish-purple structure labeled D

the small, dark structure labeled A

Which label or labels indicate(s) the antigen binding site? the two sites labeled with the letter A the single location labeled B the two sites labeled C the two sites labeled D

the two sites labeled with the letter A

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except lymph nodes. the spleen. lymphatic vessels. lymph. the venae cavae.

the venae cavae

There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline? spleen lymph nodes thymus

thymus

Which of the following is not a secondary lymphoid tissue or organ? lymph nodes thymus spleen tonsils MALT

thymus

T is to ________ as B is to ________. non-thymus-dependent; bottom-located thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived thyroid-drawn; bowel-developed trabeculae-descended; bursa-origin top-located; bottom-located

thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

Autoimmune disorders result from a failure of what property of immunity? versatility memory tolerance specificity

tolerance

Hormones that slow tumor growth are called transferrins. tumor necrosis factors. interferons. chemotherapins. radiation agents.

tumor necrosis factors

Cancer cells can be detected by NK cells when they show complement proteins. opsonization. interferons. CD4 markers. tumor-specific antigens.

tumor-specific antigens

In IgG, the antigen binding site is formed by the variable segment of the light chain. constant segment of the heavy chain. variable segments of both the light and heavy chains. variable segment of the heavy chain. ionized segment of the light chain and the isotropic segment of the heavy chain.

variable segments of both the light and heavy chains

In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person has just recovered from mumps. is relying on passive immunity. is immune to mumps. is allergic to mumps. was recently infected with mumps.

was recently infected with mumps

All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two. results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. produces more effective antibodies. depends on memory B cells.

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two

Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes? red pulp of the spleen germinal centers of the lymph nodes Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus white pulp of the spleen

white pulp of the spleen

The medulla of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and macrophages. medullary B NK cordal cytotoxic T

B

Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "6." dendritic platelets B cells erythrocytes T cells

B cells

________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver. Microglia Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Ventricular macrophages Kupffer cells

Kupffer cells

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells. B suppressor T NK plasma helper T

NK

Sally has a tumor. In an effort to fight the cancerous cells her body increases the production of neutrophils. suppressor T cells. plasma cells. memory B cells. NK cells.

NK cells

Natural killer (NK) cells __________. engage in immunological surveillance recognize and kill cancer cells cause abnormal cells to undergo lysis NK cells perform all of these roles.

NK cells perform all of these roles.

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell. plasma T B NK nodule

T

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of neutrophils. NK cells. T cells. B lymphocytes. red blood cells.

T cells

Which of the following statements about lymph flow in a node is false? The efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum. Lymph flows past dendritic cells. Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic. Lymph first enters the subcapsular space. The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum.

The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum.

How is lymph collected from the right leg introduced back into circulation? -The lymph from this region of the body re-enters circulation through diffusion into the right femoral vein. -The lymph from this region of the body re-enters circulation through the right lymphatic duct. -The lymph from this region of the body re-enters circulation through the Cisterna chyli. -The lymph from this region of the body re-enters circulation through the thoracic duct.

The lymph from this region of the body re-enters circulation through the thoracic duct.

How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria? -All the foreign cells or bacteria are marked with opsonins that the phagocytes recognize. -Phagocytes recognize a specific antigen on the cell surface. -The phagocytes look for the absence of "self" proteins. -The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.

The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells

Which of these statements about lymphocytes is FALSE? They occur as B, T, and NK types. They are phagocytic. They mostly occur in lymphoid tissues. Some can produce antibodies.

They are phagocytic.

Which of these is NOT a property of lymphatic capillaries? They are blind-ended. They lack basement membrane. Their endothelial cells overlap. They are smaller than blood capillaries.

They are smaller than blood capillaries

Lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way?They contain T lymphocytes and lymphatic tissues do not. They occur throughout the body except in the head. They cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphatic tissues can. They are found in the digestive tract and lymphatic tissues are found in the thorax. They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not.

They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not

________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. Tonsils Lymph nodes Peyer's patches Immune complexes Spleens

Tonsils

The term lymphadenopathy refers to accumulations of lymph in the tissue space. a congenital lack or malformation of lymph nodes. increased numbers of circulating lymphocytes. a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes. the lack of lymphocytes in peripheral circulation.

a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except stimulation of inflammation. opsonization. destruction of target cell plasma membranes. inhibition of the immune response. chemotaxis.

inhibition of the immune response

Which of the following is mismatched? innate immunity - B cells innate immunity - physical barrier adaptive immunity - specific antigens innate immunity - NK cells

innate immunity - B cells

Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication? interferons complement proteins T lymphocytes phagocytes

interferons

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John is running a fever. has swollen lymph nodes. is feeling achy. is producing T lymphocytes. has a sore throat.

is running a fever

The phagocytic antigen-presenting cells belong to the ________ group. tumor-suppressing complement interferon monocyte-macrophage lymphatic

monocyte-macrophage

Various types of macrophages are derived from neutrophils. lymphocytes. monocytes. basophils. eosinophils.

monocytes

Plasma contains ________ special proteins that form the complement system. exactly 10 more than 30 roughly 18 about 3 exactly 25

more than 30

Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are more numerous than blood capillaries. located throughout the body. necessary for the transport of dietary lipids. part of the fenestrated capillary group. located primarily in the large intestine.

necessary for the transport of dietary lipids.

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the NK cells. phagocytes. plasma cells. T cells. B cells.

phagocytes

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells. liver plasma helper T thymus NK

plasma

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would cause inflammation. activate complement. activate antibodies. produce a fever. opsonize pathogens.

produce a fever

Innate defenses include all of the following EXCEPT __________. production of antibodies phagocytes destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells fever

production of antibodies

Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the circulation. yellow marrow. spleen. thymus. red bone marrow.

red bone marrow

Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the spleen. red bone marrow. thymus. liver. kidneys.

red bone marrow

Lymph nodes do all of the following except monitor the contents of lymph. remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. remove excess nutrients from the lymph. produce antibodies through B cells. accumulate cancer cells.

remove excess nutrients from the lymph

Lymphocytes are actively phagocytic. decrease in number during infection. destroy red blood cells. are primarily found in red bone marrow. respond to antigens.

respond to antigens

Which of these body regions does NOT drain its lymph into the thoracic duct? left arm left leg right arm right leg

right arm

In general, lymphocytes spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue. have two nuclei. have relatively short life spans. are produced and mature only in red bone marrow. are located primarily in the blood stream.

spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue.

Lymph fluid enters the venous circulation via the superior and inferior vena cava. jugular veins. subclavian veins. brachiocephalic trunks. right atrium.

subclavian veins

Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in bone marrow. Peyer's patches. the adult thymus. the tonsils. the adult spleen.

the adult spleen

The primary lymphoid tissues include the bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. the bone marrow and thymus. the lymph nodes and tonsils. the thymus. the bone marrow.

the bone marrow and thymus.

T Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except lymph node organs. the thymus. lymphatic nodules. the brain. the spleen.

the brain

What is shown in this image? -the germinal center, dendritic cells, the outer cortex and subcapsular space of a lymph node -a corpuscle and reticular cells of the thymus -a lymphoid nodule from the large intestine -the red and white pulp of the spleen

the germinal center, dendritic cells, the outer cortex and subcapsular space of a lymph node

Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that the focus of the infection is the lymph nodes. the lymph nodes have increased their secretion of thymosin. lymph is not flowing consistently through these lymph nodes. the lymph nodes are actively producing phagocytes. the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.

the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes

The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct. superior and inferior lymphatic ducts the thoracic and mediastinal ducts the right lumbar, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks two great vessels the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the cisterna chyli. dural sinus. right lymphatic duct. hepatic portal vein. thoracic duct.

thoracic duct

An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx is called indigestion. lymphosis. tonsillitis. laryngitis. lymph edema.

tonsillitis

The lymphatic system does all of the following except fights infection. helps maintain normal blood volume. transports lipids from the digestive tract. transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid.

transports gases to and away from lymph nodes.

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to a plasma protein. two antibodies attached to an antigen. the plasma membrane of bacteria. a cell surface antigen. the cell wall of bacteria.

two antibodies attached to an antigen

What feature do lymphatic vessels share with veins that allows lymph to flow in only one direction? (Figure 22-3) endothelial cell inner lining incomplete basement membrane valves thick muscular walls blunt end tubes

valves

Large lymphatic vessels have a wall structure most similar to which blood vessel? venules veins capillaries arterioles arteries

veins

Lymphatic vessels begin in peripheral tissues and ultimately drain into arteries. the kidneys. arterioles. peripheral capillary beds. veins.

veins

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as Peyer's patches. adenoids. lymph nodes. white pulp. red pulp.

white pulp

Identify the structure labeled "3." capsule deep cortex subcapsular space trabeculae outer cortex

capsule