Chapter 22 Systematics and Phylogeny (Assignment )

The taxonomic classification level that is more inclusive than kingdom is called a __________; biologists recognize three of them.

Domain

What is the eighth level of taxonomic classification, which is above kingdom?

Domain

What is systematics?

The reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships among organisms

A similarity that arose prior to the most recent common ancestor of a group is called a(n)

ancestral character.

The most numerous organisms on Earth are ________.

bacteria

The standard method of naming species using a two-part name is called________ nomenclature.

binomial

In cladistics, a(n) ________ is any aspect of the phenotype, including morphology, physiology, behavior, and DNA.

character

When examining species, we can look at multiple aspects, from DNA to behavior, of the make up of those organisms. Any such feature that we examine is called a(n) ____.

character

A(n) _______ is a phylogenetic tree based on a cladistic approach.

cladogram

Molecular sequence data and other new methods help biologists classify the diversity of life based on ____.

evolutionary relationships

According to the phylogenetic species concept, a species is a group of population that

have evolved independently of other groups of populations

Match each group to the taxa it includes monophyletic paraphyletic polyphyletic the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants the most recent common ancestor of the group, and some, but not all of its descendants the most recent common ancestor of all the members of the group is not included

monophyletic- the most recent common ancestor of the group and all its descendants paraphyletic-the most recent common ancestor of the group and some, but not all, of its descendants polyphyletic- the most recent common ancestor of all the members of the group is not included

In cladistics, a(n) _______ is a species or group of species that is assumed to have diverged before the species whose evolutionary relationships are being studied.

outgroup

According to the ________ species concept, a group of population should be considered a separate species if they have been evolving independently of other groups of populations.

phylogenetic

The uniform system of nomenclature used to name organisms ensures that every species has a unique________ name that is the same everywhere in the world.

scientific or binomial

Derived characters are

shared with the most recent common ancestor of a group, but not with prior ancestors.

Early systematics (before the advent of molecular sequencing), was based on overall ____________ between species.

similarity, likeness, resemblance, or phenotypic similarity

For any given organism, which of its taxonomic groups contains the most members?

Phylum

Place the taxonomic levels listed below in order of decreasing numbers of species that they contain. Start with the taxon having the most species on top, and end with the taxon that contains the fewest species at the bottom.

1. Phylum 2. Class 3. Order 4. Family 5. Genus 6. Species

The scientific names assigned to animals must be ______.

1. unique 2.universally accepted

Which of the following are methods to determine the timing of evolutionary changes?

1.fossil records 2.molecular clocks

The process of categorizing species and determining where they belong in the taxonomic hierarchy is known as ______.

Answer : classification phylogeny - A phylogeny is a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a species or a group of species. Classification does not necessarily refer to evolutionary history. systematics - Systematics refers to the reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships. Classifications do not always reflect evolutionary relationships (although biologists are always improving them in that respect).

Organisms in the domain _________are the most abundant organisms on Earth.

Bacteria

Currently, what system of nomenclature is the standard way of designating species?

Binomial

Among the three domains of life, Archaea are more closely related to __________than to _________ .

Blank 1: Eukarya or eukaryotes Blank 2: bacteria

The kingdoms____________ and ___________contain organisms that are multicellular during most of their life cycle.

Blank 1: Plantae Blank 2: Animalia

Eukaryotes are grouped into the kingdoms __________ ,__________ ,_______ ,__________ and .

Blank 1: Plantae or plants Blank 2: Animalia or animals Blank 3: Fungi Blank 4: Protista or protists

A clade consists of a common________ species and all of its_______ species.

Blank 1: ancestral or ancestor Blank 2: descendant

Derived characters are only shared with the most recent common ancestor of a clade, whereas _______ characters are shared with the most recent common ancestor as well as earlier ancestors.

Blank 1: ancestral or plesiomorphic

A _____ group includes its most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants, a _______group includes its most recent common ancestor, but not all of its descendants, and a_______ group does not include the most recent common ancestor of the organisms within the group.

Blank 1: monophyletic Blank 2: paraphyletic Blank 3: polyphyletic

In cladistics, a species that is closely related to, but not a member of a clade that is being studied, is known as a(n) ______ .

Blank 1: outgroup

The field of________ involves the reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships among organisms, whereas________ uses that information to place organisms into taxonomic groups.

Blank 1: systematics Blank 2: classification

In a cladogram, what word describes an ancestral species and all of its descendants?

Clade

Which of the following is a synonym for phylogenetic tree?

Cladogram

Which of these two cladograms is more parsimonious with respect to tail loss?

Cladogram B is more parsimonious than Cladogram A

According to comparisons of rRNA genes, which domain is more closely related to archaea?

Eukarya

Which of the following kingdoms contains both multicellular and single-celled organisms that rely on extracellular enzymes for the digestion and absorption of food?

Fungi

Eukaryotes are grouped into which of the following kingdoms?

Fungi Plantae Protista Animalia

Based on the information presented in this cladogram, what is an ancestral trait for salamanders, lizards, tigers, gorillas, and humans?

Jaws

The names of genera have been written using which language since the Middle Ages?

Latin

Starting in the Middle Ages, the names of genera have been written in _______

Latin or Roman Latin

For the group consisting of lizards, tigers, gorillas, and humans in this cladogram, which of the following traits is an ancestral character?

Lungs

What principle proposes that the most likely phylogenetic tree is the one that is the simplest for all the characters and their states?

Parsimony

Match the eukaryotic kingdom with its description.

Plantae - Mostly multicellular during its life cycle, mainly stationary, manufacture their own food. Animalia - Mostly multicellular during most of its life cycle, mainly mobile, ingests food Fungi - Multicellular and unicellular forms, stationary, digest and absorb food using extracellular enzymes

What kind of data were first used to create phylogenetic trees?

Similarities in morphology Reason: Genetic data can be used to construct phylogenetic trees. Today many phylogenetic trees are based on DNA sequence data. However, the earliest trees relied on morphological data.

involves the reconstruction and study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Systematics

The science of classifying and naming living things is called_____

Taxonomy

Why are systematists interested in molecular clocks?

They are interested in the timing of evolutionary change as well as the likely pathways.

Earth's first organisms were

prokaryotes

When life first originated on Earth, the only living cells on Earth for more than a billion years were

prokaryotes