Chapter 22- The Skeletal System
gouty arthritis (gout)
disease caused by the formation and accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints
compact bone
the dense, hard layer of long bone tissue
epiphysis
the ends of a developing long bone (top and bottom)
flexion
the process of bending (or curving) a flexed limb or the spine
dorsiflexion
the process of bending a body part backward
pronation
the process of lying prone or face down; the process of turning the hand so that the palm points downward
supination
the process of lying supine or face upward; the process of turning the palm or foot upward
rotation
the process of moving a body part around a central axis
abduction
the process of moving a body part away from the midline
tuberosity
which bone marking is a large rounded projection that may be roughened?
line
which bone marking is a narrow ridge of bone that is less prominent than a crest
crest
which bone marking is a narrow, usually prominent, ridge of bone
trochanter
which bone marking is a very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process?
synarthrotic joints
which joint type does not have a joint cavity where the bones touch, so the joint does not move
diarthrotic joints
which joint type is the most freely moving joint? ex: elbow and hip joints
red bone marrow
which type of bone marrow manufactures most of the red blood cells in a long bone
amphiarthrotic joints
which type of joints have limited movement, such as vertebrae?
long bones
the humerus is considered which bone type?
osteoporosis
condition of progressive loss of bone density and thinning of bone tissue
costal cartilage
Name this specific portion of the rib cage.
sutural bones
accessory bones which occur within the skull are considered which type of bone?
rhuematoid arthritis
an autoimmune disorder in which inflammation causes joints to become deformed
rickets
an early childhood disease caused by a vitamin deficiency in calcium, vitamin D, and phosphate. results in bone deformities, especially bowed legs, from weak bones
osteoblasts
bone- building cells that create and secrete collagen and other organic compound needed to build the matrix. these cells can later turn into osteocytes
flat bones
bones of the skull and the scapula are considered which bone type?
irregular bones
bones of the vertebrae are considered which bone type?
short bones
carpal and tarsal bones are considered which bone type?
bursitis
condition caused the inflammation of the bursa (small sac fluid around the joints)
hammertoe
condition in which the toe bends into a hammer shape/ claw because of the abnormal flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint
osteomalacia
condition of adult onset rickets, caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiencies
arthritis
condition of inflammation of one or more joints
carpal tunnel syndrome
condition of pain, numbness, and hand weakness due to pressure on the median nerve in the wrist
hallux valgus (bunion)
condition where an enlargement of the inner portion of the joint at the base of the big toe
osteon
considered the organizational unit of the bone, composed of the Haversian system
bone matrix
intracellular substance of the bone that is made of water, mineral salts, and collagen fibers
ostoclasts
large cells that digest the old bone matrix and create holes in the bone
periosteum
membrane that forms the covering of long bones (except at their articular surfaces)
canaliculi
mini canals that provide a passageway for nutrients and the removal of waste by connecting the lacunae
lamellae
rings of hard matrix surrounding the central canal
Haversian System/ Central Canal
runs lengthwise through the bone and is a canal-like system that houses blood vessels and nerves
lacunae
spaces within the lamella that contain osteocytes
osteoarthritis
the most common type of arthritis and results from joint degeneration caused by years of wear and tear
medullary canal
the narrow space of cavity throughout the length of the diaphysis in a long bone. contains yellow bone marrow
sesamoid bone
the patella is considered which bone type?
retraction
the process of moving a body part backward
protraction
the process of moving a body part forward
circumduction
the process of moving a body part in a circular motion
adduction
the process of moving a body part toward the midline
extension
the process of straightening a flexed limb or the spine
inversion
the process of turning a body part inward
epiphyseal
type of fracture commonly seen in children in areas if bone where the growth plate is undergoing calcification and the chondrocytes (cartilage forming cells) are dying
Colles'
type of fracture resulting from reaching forward to cushion or stop a fall. exemplified by a break in the distal portion of the radius
spiral
type of fracture spread along the length of a bone and are produced by twisting stresses
open (compound)
type of fracture that is the most dangerous due to the fracture breaking through the skin
compression
type of fracture that occurs in the vertebrae after severe stress
greenstick
type of fracture that usually occurs in young children (whose bones are still relatively soft)
comminuted
type of fracture where part of the bone is shattered into multitude of bony fragments
eversion
the process of turning a body part outward
cancellous (spongy) bone
the reticular tissue that makes up most of the volume of bone and contains red bone marrow
diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone
endosteum
the tough, connective tissue membrane lining the medullary canal and containing the bone marrow in a long bone
transverse
type of fracture that break the shaft of the bone across its longitudinal axis
closed (simple)
type of fracture that does not involve a break in the skin (completely internal)
Pott's
type of fracture that occurs in the ankle and affects both the tibia and fibula
calcium phosphate
what is the main salt that makes the bone matrix very hard?
dislocation
what occurs when a bone slips out/ separates from a joint?
where two bones connect
where are joints (artuculations) located?
process
which bone marking is a bony projection?
epicondyle
which bone marking is a raised area on/ above a condyle
condyle
which bone marking is a rounded process of bone that often joins with another bone at a joint
tubercle
which bone marking is a small rounded process?
kyphosis (hunchback)
Condition of abnormally exaggerated thoracic curvature of vertebral column