Chapter 22- The Skeletal System

gouty arthritis (gout)

disease caused by the formation and accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints

compact bone

the dense, hard layer of long bone tissue

epiphysis

the ends of a developing long bone (top and bottom)

flexion

the process of bending (or curving) a flexed limb or the spine

dorsiflexion

the process of bending a body part backward

pronation

the process of lying prone or face down; the process of turning the hand so that the palm points downward

supination

the process of lying supine or face upward; the process of turning the palm or foot upward

rotation

the process of moving a body part around a central axis

abduction

the process of moving a body part away from the midline

tuberosity

which bone marking is a large rounded projection that may be roughened?

line

which bone marking is a narrow ridge of bone that is less prominent than a crest

crest

which bone marking is a narrow, usually prominent, ridge of bone

trochanter

which bone marking is a very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process?

synarthrotic joints

which joint type does not have a joint cavity where the bones touch, so the joint does not move

diarthrotic joints

which joint type is the most freely moving joint? ex: elbow and hip joints

red bone marrow

which type of bone marrow manufactures most of the red blood cells in a long bone

amphiarthrotic joints

which type of joints have limited movement, such as vertebrae?

long bones

the humerus is considered which bone type?

osteoporosis

condition of progressive loss of bone density and thinning of bone tissue

costal cartilage

Name this specific portion of the rib cage.

sutural bones

accessory bones which occur within the skull are considered which type of bone?

rhuematoid arthritis

an autoimmune disorder in which inflammation causes joints to become deformed

rickets

an early childhood disease caused by a vitamin deficiency in calcium, vitamin D, and phosphate. results in bone deformities, especially bowed legs, from weak bones

osteoblasts

bone- building cells that create and secrete collagen and other organic compound needed to build the matrix. these cells can later turn into osteocytes

flat bones

bones of the skull and the scapula are considered which bone type?

irregular bones

bones of the vertebrae are considered which bone type?

short bones

carpal and tarsal bones are considered which bone type?

bursitis

condition caused the inflammation of the bursa (small sac fluid around the joints)

hammertoe

condition in which the toe bends into a hammer shape/ claw because of the abnormal flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint

osteomalacia

condition of adult onset rickets, caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiencies

arthritis

condition of inflammation of one or more joints

carpal tunnel syndrome

condition of pain, numbness, and hand weakness due to pressure on the median nerve in the wrist

hallux valgus (bunion)

condition where an enlargement of the inner portion of the joint at the base of the big toe

osteon

considered the organizational unit of the bone, composed of the Haversian system

bone matrix

intracellular substance of the bone that is made of water, mineral salts, and collagen fibers

ostoclasts

large cells that digest the old bone matrix and create holes in the bone

periosteum

membrane that forms the covering of long bones (except at their articular surfaces)

canaliculi

mini canals that provide a passageway for nutrients and the removal of waste by connecting the lacunae

lamellae

rings of hard matrix surrounding the central canal

Haversian System/ Central Canal

runs lengthwise through the bone and is a canal-like system that houses blood vessels and nerves

lacunae

spaces within the lamella that contain osteocytes

osteoarthritis

the most common type of arthritis and results from joint degeneration caused by years of wear and tear

medullary canal

the narrow space of cavity throughout the length of the diaphysis in a long bone. contains yellow bone marrow

sesamoid bone

the patella is considered which bone type?

retraction

the process of moving a body part backward

protraction

the process of moving a body part forward

circumduction

the process of moving a body part in a circular motion

adduction

the process of moving a body part toward the midline

extension

the process of straightening a flexed limb or the spine

inversion

the process of turning a body part inward

epiphyseal

type of fracture commonly seen in children in areas if bone where the growth plate is undergoing calcification and the chondrocytes (cartilage forming cells) are dying

Colles'

type of fracture resulting from reaching forward to cushion or stop a fall. exemplified by a break in the distal portion of the radius

spiral

type of fracture spread along the length of a bone and are produced by twisting stresses

open (compound)

type of fracture that is the most dangerous due to the fracture breaking through the skin

compression

type of fracture that occurs in the vertebrae after severe stress

greenstick

type of fracture that usually occurs in young children (whose bones are still relatively soft)

comminuted

type of fracture where part of the bone is shattered into multitude of bony fragments

eversion

the process of turning a body part outward

cancellous (spongy) bone

the reticular tissue that makes up most of the volume of bone and contains red bone marrow

diaphysis

the shaft of a long bone

endosteum

the tough, connective tissue membrane lining the medullary canal and containing the bone marrow in a long bone

transverse

type of fracture that break the shaft of the bone across its longitudinal axis

closed (simple)

type of fracture that does not involve a break in the skin (completely internal)

Pott's

type of fracture that occurs in the ankle and affects both the tibia and fibula

calcium phosphate

what is the main salt that makes the bone matrix very hard?

dislocation

what occurs when a bone slips out/ separates from a joint?

where two bones connect

where are joints (artuculations) located?

process

which bone marking is a bony projection?

epicondyle

which bone marking is a raised area on/ above a condyle

condyle

which bone marking is a rounded process of bone that often joins with another bone at a joint

tubercle

which bone marking is a small rounded process?

kyphosis (hunchback)

Condition of abnormally exaggerated thoracic curvature of vertebral column