Chapter 23 Respiratory System
The respiratory membrane consists of an endothelial cell of a capillary and the plasma membrane of an alveolar type ______ cell.
1
In external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the alveoli is ______ mm Hg, while the PO2 in the blood is ______ mm Hg.
104; 40
The right lung has ______ tertiary bronchi and the left lung has ______ tertiary bronchi.
10; 8-10
Restful breathing has a typical rate of ______ breaths per minute and a tidal volume of ______ ml.
12-15; 500
A normal breathing rate is ______ to ______ breaths per minute
12; 20
During normal conditions, how much of the oxygen transported to systemic capillaries is released to the tissues?
25%
How many oxygen atoms would be bound to a hemoglobin molecule that is 75% saturated?
3
During external respiration, the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from ______ mm Hg to 40 mm Hg.
45
Tidal volume typically averages ______mL.
500
During normal circulation, hemoglobin is ______ saturated in blood entering the lungs?
75%
The V-shaped anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage is commonly called the ______ in males.
Adam's apple
The larynx serves as a passageway for ______.
Air only
The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath is called ______
Airflow
The condition that is directly related to the magnitude of a pressure gradient and inversely related to airway resistance is ______
Airflow, Ventilation, or Flow
The smallest respiratory bronchioles subdivide into thin airways called ______ ______
Alveolar ducts
The distal end of the alveolar duct terminates as a dilated ______ ______
Alveolar sac or sacs
Bronchioles and ______ form the terminal ends of the respiratory passageway.
Alveoli
The respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts contain small out pockets called ______
Alveoli or alveolus
The trachea is ______ to the esophagus, ______ to the larynx, and ______ to the primary bronchi.
Anterior; inferior; superior
In pulmonary ventilation, the movement of gases is between the ______ and the ______.
Atmosphere; alveoli
The movement of respiratory gases between blood and either alveoli or cells of systemic tissues is ______ ______
Blank 1: Gas or Internal Blank 2: exchange or respiration
Pulmonary ventilation consists of two cyclic phases, ______ , and ______ .
Blank 1: Inspiration or inhalation Blank 2: Expiration or exhalation
Hemoglobin binds not only to oxygen but also protons and _____ _____ .
Blank 1: carbon Blank 2: dioxide or monoxide
Hemoglobin binds not only to oxygen but also protons and ______ ______ .
Blank 1: carbon Blank 2: dioxide or monoxide
In hemoglobin, the effect of bound oxygen on the binding of additional oxygen molecules is known as the ______ ______ effect.
Blank 1: cooperative Blank 2: binding
The oxygen remaining bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic capillaries is known as the ______ ______
Blank 1: oxygen Blank 2: reserve
The pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture is called the ______ ______
Blank 1: partial Blank 2: pressure
Which are the functions of the larynx?
Blocks food and drink from entering the airway Produces sound for speech Serves as a passageway for air
The respiratory membrane is the thin wall between the alveolar lumen and the ______.
Blood
Respiration affects all conditions except ______.
Blood K+ levels
The movement of gases into and out of the respiratory system follows ______ law.
Boyle's or boyles
Regulatory respiratory centers are located within the ______ through the medulla oblongata and the pons.
Brainstem
The involuntary, rhythmic activities that control breathing are located in which part of the CNS?
Brainstem
The ______ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branch into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles.
Bronchial tree
Contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles results in ______
Bronchoconstriction, wheezing, or constriction
The widening of a bronchiole diameter is ______.
Bronchodilation
The alveoli have thin walls specialized to promote the diffusion of gases between the alveolus and the ______.
Capillaries
Which statement describes the net movement of carbon dioxide during internal respiration?
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood.
Which chemical changes can trigger chemoreceptor reflexes?
Changes in blood pH Changes in blood PCO2 Changes in CSF pH
The apex of the lung projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior to the bone called the ______
Clavicle or sternum
Under normal, resting conditions, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide remain ______
Constant, stagnant, or consistent
During inhalation, the external intercostals ______ to increase the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
Contract
During inhalation, the diaphragm ______ and ______.
Contracts; flattens
The ring-shaped ______ cartilage of the inferior portion of the larynx connects to the trachea inferiorly.
Cricoid
Depression of the ribs ______ the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
Decreases
The flared components of the nose are composed of ______.
Dense irregular connective tissue
Contraction of the internal intercostals ______ the ribs.
Depresses
Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by ______ within a mixture of gases.
Each gas
During inhalation, the external intercostal muscles ______ the ribs.
Elevate
The large, spoon or leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that helps prevent food and liquid from entering the larynx is the ______.
Epiglottis
When successful swallowing occurs, the ______ closes over the opening to the larynx to prevent materials from entering the larynx.
Epiglottis
The mucous membrane of the respiratory tract is composed of ______ and is ciliated in most portions of the conducting zone.
Epithelial tissue
The thoracic cavity dimensions return their original size during ______.
Exhalation
he external oblique is a muscle of forced ______.
Expiration
The abdominal muscles and serratus posterior inferior muscles help with forced ______
Expiration, breathing, or exhalation
In the basic processes of respiration, alveolar gas exchange is also known as ______ respiration, and systemic gas exchange is also known as internal respiration.
External
Which events are associated with inhalation?
External intercostals contract Diaphragm contracts Sternum moves anteriorly
The vestibular folds are also called the ______ vocal cords.
False
True or false: A person breathing fast during a foot race is most likely hyperventilating.
False
True or false: Hyperpnea is another name for hyperventilation.
False
True or false: Lobar bronchi further divide into primary bronchi.
False
True or false: The ventral respiratory group is located in the posterior part of the medulla oblongata.
False
Which form the roof of the nasal cavity?
Frontal bone Nasal bones Sphenoid bone Reason: The palatine bones form the floor of the nasal cavity and the roof of the oral cavity.
The paranasal sinuses are named for the bones where they are located. Rank the bones in order starting with the most superior. Position 1 of 3 frontal correct toggle button unavailable frontal
Frontal, Ethmoid, maxilla
Which are among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?
Gas transport Systemic gas exchange Pulmonary ventilation Alveolar gas exchange
Hydrogen ions bind to the ______ portion of a hemoglobin molecule.
Globin
A partial pressure ______ exists when the partial pressure for a specific gas is higher in one region of the respiratory system than another.
Gradient
A pressure ______ exists when two interconnected regions have gases at different pressures.
Gradient or differential
The ability of blood to transport oxygen is dependent on the solubility coefficient of oxygen and the presence of ______
Hemoglobin or Hb
A partial pressure gradient exists when the partial pressure for one gas is ______ the pressure of the gas in a different region.
Higher than
The parietal pleura meets the visceral pleura at the ______ of each lung.
Hilum
The ______ fissure separates the superior and middle lobe, while the ______ fissure separates the middle from the inferior lobe.
Horizontal; oblique
Incomplete rings of ______ cartilage support the wall of the primary bronchi to ensure that they remain open.
Hyaline or tracheal
Incomplete rings of______ cartilage support the wall of the primary bronchi to ensure that they remain open.
Hyaline or tracheal
Exercise may cause an increase in the depth of breathing known as ______.
Hyperpnea
A breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand is called ______
Hyperventilation
The scalene muscles help to ______ the thoracic cavity dimensions.
Increase
Which are examples of chemoreceptor reflexes?
Increased breathing rate following increased blood PCO2. Increased respiration rate following lowered pH of CSF.
During inhalation, the dimensions of the thoracic cavity ______.
Increases
Elevation of the ribs ______ the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
Increases
The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container ______
Increases
The cricoid cartilage is ______ to the thyroid cartilage.
Inferior
The vocal folds are the ______ set of ligaments, in the larynx, that produce sound.
Inferior
The dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory center controls ______.
Inhalation
When the diaphragm contracts and the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase, ______ occurs.
Inhalation or inspiration
When you ______, the inferior portion of the sternum moves anteriorly, slightly increasing the anterior-posterior dimensions of the thorax.
Inhale
The sternocleidomastoid muscle is a muscle of forced ______.
Inspiration
Which brings air into the alveoli?
Inspiration
The ventral respiratory group of the respiratory center controls ______.
Inspiration and expiration
Which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs?
Internal intercostals Serratus posterior inferior Abdominal muscles
The pressure within the pleural cavity is known as the ______ pressure.
Intrapleural
Which is always higher, intrapulmonary pressure or intrapleural pressure?
Intrapulmonary pressure
The right lung is ______ than the left lung.
Larger
The structure that is also called the voice box is the ______
Larynx
The trachea connects the ______ to the ______.
Larynx; bronchi
The sides of the nose are formed in part by a single pair of ______ cartilages and two pairs of ______ cartilages.
Lateral, alar
The secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called ______ bronchi.
Lobar
If two regions are interconnected, then gases will tend to move to the region of ______ pressure
Lower
The trachea is part of the ______ respiratory system.
Lower
The trachea is part of the ______ respiratory tract.
Lower
The oxygen saturation curve is steeper at ______ partial pressures of oxygen. This means that ______ oxygen unbinds from hemoglobin when blood flows into the systemic tissues.
Lower; more
Which is not part of the upper respiratory system?
Lungs
Central chemoreceptors are found in the ventrolateral surface of the ______
Medulla
According to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve ______ oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at a higher PO2
More
The dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory center controls the ______ neurons that stimulate the muscles of ______.
Motor; inspiration
The mucosa in the respiratory system is also known as the ______ membrane.
Mucous or respiratory
The pharynx is made of three separate regions. Choose those regions from the list.
Nasopharynx Laryngopharynx Oropharynx
The structure that is the initial conducting airway for inhaled air is the
Nose
The nasal cavity extends from the ______ to the ______.
Nostrils; choanae
How does oxygen binding to one site on hemoglobin affect the binding of oxygen to the remaining sites?
Oxygen can bind more easily.
Which statement describes the movement of oxygen during external respiration?
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood.
Which describes the partial pressures of systemic cells under resting conditions?
PCO2 of 45 mm Hg Relatively constant partial pressures PO2 of 40 mm Hg
Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called ______ ______ that help to lighten the heavy load of the head.
Paranasal sinuses
Where is the pneumotaxic center located?
Pons
The movement of gases between blood in pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli of the lungs is called ______ gas exchange.
Pulmonary
The process of moving air in and out of the lungs is called ______ ventilation. The same term may also refer to the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute.
Pulmonary
The oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through the ______ and returns to the ______.
Pulmonary veins; left atrium
The ______ lung is divided into superior, middle, and inferior lobes.
Right
The ______ primary bronchus enters the lung more vertically and is wider and shorter than the other one.
Right
Aspirated foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ______ primary bronchus.
Right Reason: The right primary bronchus is straighter than the left; therefore, foreign objects are more likely to become lodges in the right bronchus.
Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the ______ through the pulmonary trunk into ______, which enters the lungs.
Right ventricle; pulmonary arteries
If all iron sites are bound to oxygen, a hemoglobin molecule is said to be 100% _____
Saturated
The muscles that increase the thoracic cavity by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation are the ______ muscles.
Scalene or scalenes
Lobar bronchi are ______ in diameter than main bronchi.
Smaller
Which are the functions of the respiratory system?
Sound production Detection of odors Allows air passage Exchange of O2 and CO2
Which activities are associated with exhalation?
Sternum moves posteriorly Internal intercostals contract Diaphragm relaxes
The parietal pleura lines which structures?
Superior surface of the diaphragm Lateral surfaces of the mediastinum Internal thoracic walls
The thyroid cartilage enlarges at puberty due to the increase of ______.
Testosterone
If a partial pressure gradient exists for a particular gas, how will this affect the movement of gas molecules?
The gas will move from higher to lower partial pressure.
What is the effect of the oxygen reserve on the body's ability to undergo vigorous exercise?
The oxygen reserve is used when PO2 falls very low in exercising tissue.
Which affects the ability of blood to carry oxygen?
The presence of hemoglobin The solubility coefficient of oxygen
Which is true of central chemoreceptors?
They directly detect changes in hydrogen ions concentrations.
The lungs are located in the ______.
Thoracic cavity
The growth of the ______ cartilage is stimulated by testosterone; thus, Adam's apple is usually prominent and larger in males after puberty.
Thyroid
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ______ cartilage, which forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx.
Thyroid
The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing is known as the ______ volume.
Tidal
Pulmonary ventilation can be calculated using the following formula:Pulmonary ventilation = respiration rate x ______
Tidal volume
Superior to the larynx is the laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the ______ and posterior to the larynx is the ______
Trachea, esophagus
The pneumotaxic center is located in the pons.
True
True or false: Contraction of the internal intercostals is not necessary during exhalation at rest.
True
True or false: During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its original shape.
True
True or false: The vestibular folds that attach to the corniculate cartilage protect the vocal folds.
True
The vocal folds of the larynx are called the ______.
True vocal cords
During exercise, when one is breathing deeply and forcibly, the ______ is activated.
Ventral respiratory group
During normal quiet breathing, the ______ is inactive and exhalation is a passive event that does not require nervous stimulation.
Ventral respiratory group