Chapter 23
________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume. Inspiratory reserve volume Enhanced tidal volume Residual inhaled volume Inspiratory capacity Expiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as carbaminohemoglobin. bicarbonate ions. carbonic acid. solute dissolved in the plasma. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.
bicarbonate ions.
The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems. pharynx trachea right mainstem bronchus esophagus windpipe
pharynx
Which statement is correct? Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells. Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
Where is more than 70 percent of the carbon dioxide carried in the blood? Dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells (RBCs) In the plasma, as dissolved CO2 or HCO3 - Attached to hemoglobin Converted to chloride
In the plasma, as dissolved CO2 or HCO3 -
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle. Expiratory reserve volume Tidal volume Inspiratory capacity Inspiratory reserve volume Residual volume
Tidal volume
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? Trachea Alveoli Nose Bronchi Bronchioles
alveoli
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are pleural spaces. terminal bronchioles. interlobular septa. bronchioles. alveoli.
alveoli
Asthma is an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways. caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. a collapsed lung. characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli. an obstructive tumor.
an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.
The respiratory centers are located in __________. the pons only the hypothalamus the medulla oblongata only both the medulla oblongata and the pons
both the medulla oblongata and the pons
Most oxygen is transported in the blood stream while it is __________. bound to hemoglobin dissolved in the plasma bound to albumin bound to carbon dioxide
bound to hemoglobin
What is the name of the respiratory tract passageway that leads directly into each lung? trachea larynx bronchus bronchiole
bronchus
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbonic acid. oxygen. hydrochloric acid. carbaminohemoglobin. nitric acid.
carbonic acid
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will hardly affect either the partial pressure or diffusion of gases. decrease the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood to the alveoli. increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood. decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues? decreased amounts of DPG increased tissue PO2 decreased temperature decreased pH All of the answers are correct.
decreased ph
External respiration involves the binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism. exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid. movement of air into and out of the lungs. diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.
diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.
The term hypercapnia refers to labored breathing. an increase in pH the cessation of breathing. elevated PO2 elevated PCO2
elevated PCO2
Which of the following forms a lid over the glottis? arytenoid cartilage cricoid cartilage thyroid cartilage epiglottis
epiglottis
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is less than the pressure in the atmosphere. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. greater than intraalveolar pressure. less than intrapulmonic pressure.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
Dalton's law states that gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume. gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
Which of these changes will decrease the effectiveness of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane? increased thickness of the respiratory membrane increased difference in partial pressures increased number of alveoli All of these changes will decrease the effectiveness of gas exchange across the respiratory membranes.
increased thickness of the respiratory membrane
During quiet breathing, inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. inspiration and expiration are both passive. only the internal intercostal muscles contract. inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
Boyle's law states gas pressure is __________. independent of temperature inversely proportional to volume directly proportional to volume inversely proportional to temperature
inversely proportional to volume
Hemoglobin has five subunits. is the site of cellular respiration. is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells. is found in blood plasma.
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because it combines olfaction with respiration. it dries out the mouth. it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air. less resistance to flow. bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity.
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.
Which of the following structures is commonly referred to as the Adam's apple? corniculate cartilage thyrohyoid ligament laryngeal prominence cricothyroid ligament
laryngeal prominence
The vocal folds are located within the trachea. bronchi. larynx. nasopharynx. oropharynx.
larynx
Which of the following structures or organs is NOT part of the upper respiratory system? internal nares pharynx larynx nasal conchae
larynx
The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the internal respiratory tract. upper respiratory tract. alveoli of the respiratory tract. lower respiratory tract. respiratory mucosa.
lower respiratory tract.
The pneumotaxic center of the pons sets the at-rest respiratory pattern. suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla. stimulates the dorsal respiratory group. modifies the rate and depth of breathing. prolongs inspiration.
modifies the rate and depth of breathing.
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in a shorter respiratory cycle. decreased vital capacity. less activity in the DRG center. more intense inhalation. increased respiratory rate.
more intense inhalation.
Alveolar ventilation refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism. movement of air into and out of the alveoli. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli.
movement of air into and out of the alveoli.
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. utilization of oxygen. movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. movement of air into and out of the lungs.
movement of air into and out of the lungs.
The auditory tubes open into the laryngopharynx. larynx. nasal cavity. oropharynx. nasopharynx.
nasopharynx
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the pharynx. vestibule. trachea. larynx. glottis.
pharynx
Which of the following serves as a passageway for BOTH food or liquids and air? pharynx larynx trachea bronchus
pharynx
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces ululation. speech. whistling. phonation. articulation.
phonation
The Hering-Breuer reflex functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure. is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes. protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation.
protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation.
The apneustic centers of the pons inhibit the pneumotaxic and inspiratory centers. generate the gasp reflex. provide stimulation to the inspiratory center. alter chemoreceptor sensitivity. monitor blood gas levels.
provide stimulation to the inspiratory center.
Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is pulmonary embolism. COPD. pneumothorax. emphysema. anoxia.
pulmonary embolism.
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of surfactant cells. ciliated squamous epithelium. moist cuboidal epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. simple squamous epithelium.
simple squamous epithelium.
During inhalation, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. the diaphragm relaxes. oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs. the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. air moves up the trachea.
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract
The glottis is the opening to the pharynx. the opening to the larynx. a flap of elastic cartilage. the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate. part of the hard palate.
the opening to the larynx.
Henry's law states that gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume. in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. they are equal. intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric. atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary. intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric.
they are equal
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from thick secretions that are difficult to transport. genetic mutation in cilia production. excessive mucus secretions in the trachea. laryngospasm. lack of neural control of respiration.
thick secretions that are difficult to transport.
Which of the following is the largest laryngeal cartilage? arytenoid cartilage epiglottis thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage
thyroid cartilage
The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is mm Hg. cm H2O. centigrade. torr. psi.
torr
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the bronchus. trachea. bronchiole. laryngopharynx. alveolar duct.
trachea
The chloride shift occurs in order to transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma. pump hydrochloric acid out of gastric cells. produce carbonic acid. produce salt for the cytosol of blood cells. force oxygen out of the blood and into tissues.
transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma.
Carbonic anhydrase can decrease the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. is in RBCs. is an enzyme. can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
If the production of surfactant by type II alveolar cells (septal cells) is inadequate, which of these changes is expected? respiratory distress syndrome increased inspiratory effort alveolar collapse All of these changes can be expected if the production of surfactant is inadequate.
All of these changes can be expected if the production of surfactant is inadequate.
During swallowing, the epiglottis is depressed. extrinsic laryngeal muscles contract. intrinsic laryngeal muscles contract. glottis closes. All of the answers are correct.
epiglottis is depressed.
The respiratory mucosa consists of stratified squamous cells. epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue. fibrocartilage. dense irregular connective. All of the answers are correct.
epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue.
After blood becomes oxygenated, it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth.
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells
As air moves from the nasal cavity to the glottis it passes through the pharynx in this order, __________. oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx laryngopharynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of moist cuboidal epithelium. surfactant cells. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. simple squamous epithelium. ciliated squamous epithelium.
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
