Chapter 2,3,4,5 nutrition

According to the Food and Nutrition Board, carbohydrates should provide____% to ____ %of total calories in the diet

45-65

Complex carbohydrates are also known as

starch

What can be added to sweeten foods while providing few or no kcal?

alternative sweeteners

The gut microbiota is an ecosystem of ______ that colonize the intestinal tract.

bacteria, fungi, viruses

The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in

killing disease causing microorganisms. partially digesting protein. activating some digestive enzymes.

constipation can be caused by a diet____ in fiber and water

low

African heritage diets may add ______ to flavor greens when cooking.

smoked pork

Nondigestible plant material is termed ______.

fiber

The mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of

mechanical digestion

While most carbohydrate digestion occurs in the small intestine, where does it begin?

mouth

The acid in the ________ helps to activate digestive enzymes, makes proteins easier to digest, and kills many disease causing microorganisms.

stomach

A primary purpose of the villi is to increase the _______ of the small intestines in order to enhance absorption rates.

surface area

In cases of _____, the inflammatory process causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and rectum.

ulcerative colitis

What type of experiment is considered the gold standard in research?

randomized controlled trials (RCTs)

When was the food guide introduced based on the RDAs for the general public use?

1943

The AMDR for carbohydrate is ______ of total kcal.

45-65%

The Recommended Dietary Allowances will meet the nutrient needs of ______ of all healthy people in a specific life-stage group.

97-98%

The pressure commonly found with chronic constipation can sometimes force small pouches to form in the wall of the colon is called ______.

diverticuli

The FDA ______ approved health claims for probiotics.

has not

True or false: The estimated energy requirement is based on the needs of healthy individuals.

true

The______ are tiny, fingerlike projections that provide an increased surface area for absorption in the small intestines. Your answer must be spelled correctly to receive credit. The answer requires the answer in plural form.

villi or villus

An unpleasant experience but helpful because it prevents toxic substances from entering the small intestine is referred to as _____.

vomiting

When a specific nutrient is needed by the body and the intake of that nutrient is low, the body ______.

withdraws the nutrient from storage

Irritable bowel syndrome is more common in

women

The history of the nutrition plans issued by the USDA in the United States can be traced back to the ______.

early 20th century

The Dietary Reference Intake that is set to meet the average daily energy intake for a healthy person who is maintaining his or her weight is called the

estimated energy requirements

_______________ is a sweetener/food additive obtained from the processing of corn.

high-fructose corn syrup

Choose the focus point that is not included in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

increase meat intake

The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans includes recommendations from_____ to older adults, and for women during_____

infancy, pregnancy

Who are the subjects in a case-control study?

person(s) both with and without the disease or condition under investigation

Choose the type of research that involves the random assignment of human subjects to two or more groups, and a well-controlled intervention.

randomized controlled trials

Diet, exercise, and oral medications are typical treatments for

type 2 diabetes

When a population's intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks increases and the percentage of overweight people in the population also increases, this is an example of a(n) _____ correlation.

direct

is a condition characterized by the presence of tiny pouches that form in the wall of the colon

diverticulitis or diverticulosis

Choose helpful strategies to reduce the risk of heartburn.

do not wear tight belts or clothes with tight waistbands lose excess body weight do not overeat at mealtimes

Match the term with its best definition.

enrichment- replaces some of the nutrients that foods lose during refining Fortification- the addition of nutrients to food, such as adding calcium to orange juice

Studies that can illustrate differences in dietary patterns among populations and can lead to additional experiments that may be able to test the cause of the disease process are called ______.

epidemiological

Simple diffusion is when a nutrient moves from the lumen where it is in _____ concentration to the absorptive cell where the nutrient is in _____ concentration.

higher, lower

UL

highest amount of daily nutrient intakes unlikely to cause adverse health effects

Which of the following contributes to softer and easier-to-eliminate feces?

insoluble fiber

How does the body respond to an increase in blood glucose?

insulin is secreted from the pancreas

Type 1 diabetes is linked to an autoimmune disease while type 2 diabetes is linked to _____.

insulin resistance

What are the five signs of metabolic syndrome?

low fasting HDL cholesterol hypertension large waist circumference elevated fasting triglycerides high fasting blood glucose

most fruits are

low in fat, good sources of phytochemical, good sources of potassium and folate

The traditional Native American diet was ____ in sodium and fat and ____ in fiber.

low, high

chyme is formed in the ____ as food is mixed with digestive secretions

lower stomach

The cavity or channel within a tube such as the GI tract is called the

lumen

Which of the following are disaccharides?

maltose sucrose lactose

Choose characteristics of simple diffusion.

many water-soluble vitamins, lipids, and some minerals are absorbed this way does not require energy the movement of a nutrient from higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A physical activity that prepares solid foods for swallowing and chemical digestion is called (chewing is not a correct answer to this question)

mastication

Which of the following health conditions are linked to an excessive total calorie intake?

obesity chronic disease

The basic unit of carbohydrates is a monosaccharide. Mono means___ and saccharide means____

one, sugar

Deep, dull upper abdominal pain and a feeling of fullness that occurs about 2 hours after eating are symptoms of a

peptic ulcer or gastric ulcer

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called

peristalsis

True or false: Salivary amylase is secreted in the mouth and begins the process of carbohydrate digestion in the human body.

true

The Dietary Reference Intake that is set to meet the average daily energy intake for a healthy person who is maintaining his or her weight is called the

estimated energy requirement

According to the Dietary Guidelines, a healthy eating pattern includes ______.

foods from all five food groups and oils limiting saturated fats and trans fats limiting added sugars and sodium

Added sugars are incorporated into foods during processing to ______.

increase tenderness of food contribute to flavor decrease moisture content inhibit the growth of mold

What is an acceptable hemoglobin HbA1c level for a person with diabetes?

less than 7%

Hypoglycemia may be diagnosed when the blood glucose level is ________.

less than 70 mg/dL

Irritable bowel syndrome can be characterized by

loose stools. sensation of incomplete elimination. constipation.

Hydrochloric acid contributes to the ______ pH of gastric juice.

low

Hypoglycemia is a condition when blood glucose level is too ______ to provide enough energy for the cells.

low

Clinical trials that measure the relative effectiveness of treatment strategies in real-world practice are called____ trials

pragmatic

Celeste took her 4-year old daughter to a birthday party and was disappointed when her daughter's behavior at the party was uncontrolled hyperactivity. The most likely cause of the hyperactivity at the birthday party was ______.

excitement of the party that was different from her normal routine

Polysaccharides that contain hundreds of glucose molecules bound together into large chainlike structures include ______.

glycogen starch

Vegetables are usually

good sources of fiber and phyochemicals, low in calories, good sources of Vitamin A and folate

What type of study can provide an alternative to random controlled studies that have less controlled, real-life environments?

pragmatic trials

What part of the hand does MyPlate encourage people to use in order to estimate a 1 cup serving size?

fist

Sweet potatoes, black-eyed peas, and "greens" are traditional foods with

African Heritage

A "fecal transplant" (taking feces from a healthy person and introducing it into the large intestine of a patient) is used to treat

C---diff

Judy wants to find out the amount of a specific nutrient needed to sustain good health. She initially checks the RDA requirements and cannot locate that nutrient. Her next step is to ______.

Check AI standards

Which of the following represents the sections of the small intestine in order?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

The two major components of the digestive system are the

GI tract, accessory organs

What is the term used to describe a study that looks forward in time?

Prospective

Which nutrient standard is set to meet or exceed 97.5% of the requirement for nearly all healthy Americans?

RDAs

Which of the following are functions of the stomach?

Secretes protective lubricant Begins chemical digestion of protein Produces and secretes HCl

GI tract

Stomach and small intestine

What is the purpose and framework of the Choose Your Foods tool?

This tool categorizes foods into carbohydrates, meat and meat substitutes, and fats. The tool provides a manageable framework for the treatment of chronic diseases. The tool provides a manageable framework for designing diets.

The highest average amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to harm most people when consumed daily is called the______

Tolerable upper intake level

What is often used to season traditional Asian diets?

ginger root, garlic, and scallions peppers and sesame seeds soy sauce and rice wine

The protein foods group includes

meat, nut, egg, beans

Dietary fiber is associated with a(n) _____ risk of colorectal cancer.

reduced

Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called___ which is produced by glands in the mouth

saliva

Components of saliva include

salivary amylase. lingual lipase.

The movement of a nutrient from higher concentration (i.e. lumen) to where it is less concentrated (i.e. absorptive cells) is called

simple diffusion

In which part of the GI tract does absorption of carbohydrates occur?

small intestine

Which of the following are signs of metabolic syndrome?

waist circumference >/= 35 inches (women) triglycerides >/=150mg/dL

Experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as in _____. whereas "test tube" experiments are classified as in_____

1) vivo 2) Vitro

What is the main difference between soft drinks and 100% fruit drinks?

100% fruit juices contribute micronutrients and phytochemicals

How much bile does the liver make every day?

2 to 4 cups

Which of the following is an example of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin C?

90 mg/day for males and 75 mg/day for females ages 19-50

Choose the definition that best describes lumen.

A hollow space through which food and fluid pass.

Researchers from Cornell University have written a manuscript about the impact of soy consumption on breast cancer risk. Which of the following people is best qualified to be a peer reviewer of the manuscript before it is published?

A researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study

Treatment for diabetes includes which of the following?

Diet Insulin injections Exercise Oral medications

The traditional Asian dietary pattern is lacking in _____.

calcium-rich foods

Epidemiological studies _____ establish cause and effect.

cannot

Cells require a steady supply of energy which is largely provided by ____________.

carbohydrates

Tooth decay is the only health problem clearly associated with eating

carbohydrates

When bacteria in the mouth metabolize ______, they produce acids that dissolve the tooth enamel, leading to dental caries.

carbohydrates

The breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes would be an example of

chemical digestion

Choose examples of plant foods that are often incorporated into Mexican meals.

cherimoya and jicama, plantains and cactus leaves, and chayote

A factor that may not be studied but may affect a research outcome is called a ______ variable

cofounding

What can you do to reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes?

consume a healthy diet exercise daily avoid excess body fat

Choose the functions of intestinal bacteria.

controls inflammation synthesis of vitamins and certain neurotransmitters

When two variables have a relationship they are said to be in____with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship.

correlation

The Exchange System (now referred to as Choose Your Foods) was originally developed to assist people with ______.

diabetes

To help health professionals evaluate the nutritional adequacy of diets and plan nutritious diets for healthy people, nutrition experts have established the ______.

dietary reference intakes

Maltose, sucrose, and lactose are classified as ______.

disacchlarides

The Dietary Reference Intake that is set to meet the needs of 50% of healthy people at a particular life-stage is called the

estimated average requirement

Which sugar tastes the sweetest?

fructose

Which two monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose?

galactose, glucose

When a population's intake of fruit consumption increases and the same population's percentage of people with hypertension decreases, this is an example of a(n) ______ correlation.

inverse

When we have a cold, food often does not taste as good because _____.

our noses are blocked, and our sense of smell contributes to our sense of taste.

The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called

perostalsis

Choose the result(s) of children consuming a diet high in sugar.

pleasurable sensation

Cohort studies can be retrospective or

prospective

The Framingham Heart Study is a well-known ______ study.

prospective

Yogurt, milk, and hard cheeses are excellent sources of ______.

protein, riboflavin and phosphorus

_____ is the presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods.

pseudoscience

Match the part of the hand and the serving size it estimates.

tip of thumb- one tablespoon palm of hand- 3 oz knuckles of two fingers- 1/2 cup

There is "convincing" evidence that dietary fiber will reduce the risk of____ cancer

colorectal or colon

____ carbohydrates have three or more monosaccharides bonded together.

complex

Which has the most monosaccharides?

complex carbohydrates

Diabetes is characterized by abnormal metabolism of

glucose protein fat

What motivates the promoter of a product? Are they more interested in your health or in selling the product? Is the source of scientific information from a peer-reviewed journal? These questions are all examples of

how to evaluate nutrition information

To improve blood glucose control for patients with type 2 diabetes,

implementing therapeutic lifestyle changes is key.

The____ uses cholesterol to make bile

liver

Which of the following are the most common oligosaccharides in foods?

raffinose and stachyose

In the protein-rich food group, choose foods that are classified as protein-rich AND non-meat.

tofu, seeds, eggs, beans, and nuts

True or false: Glucagon and insulin are both released from the pancreas.

true

What happens when cells metabolize glucose?

energy is released

____ are a major source of energy for cells.

carbohydrates

Which statement about the digestion of nutrients is true?

Very little carbohydrate, protein, or fat escapes digestion and absorption in the small intestine.

Observational epidemiological studies cannot establish ______.

causation

What are causes of diarrhea?

More water than normal is secreted into the GI tract. The GI tract absorbs less water than normal.

Researchers use findings from the _____ to establish national standards for assessing height, weight, and blood pressure.

NHANES

Who are the subjects in a case-control study?

Person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation Healthy people assigned to receive a placebo

Which Dietary Reference Intake is used when there is not enough information about a nutrient to set a specific requirement?

adequate intakes

Substances added to food that sweeten the item while providing few or no calories are known as

alternative sweeteners

EAR

amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people

What is the best way to determine how a nutrient will respond in the diet, without studying humans?

animal studies

Select all of the terms that describe food additives that sweeten but provide few or no calories per serving.

artificial sweeteners alternative sweeteners

When an intestinal sphincter contracts, it _____ the passageway and restricts the flow at that point in the digestive tract.

closes

A group of serious, chronic conditions characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism is called ______.

diabetes mellitus

Nutrition scientists conduct _____ epidemiological studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices.

experimental

Since soft drinks and 100% fruit drinks contain the same amount of sugar, there is no benefit to choosing 100% fruit juice.

false

True or false: Dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials.

false

Researchers are testing the safety and effectiveness of using ______ to treat a Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection

fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)

Symptoms of a peptic ulcer include ______.

feeling of fullness that occurs about 2 hours after eating deep dull upper abdominal pain

Most dietary ______ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest.

fibers

Intestinal cells absorb glucose and ______ by active transport; ______ is absorbed by facilitated diffusion.

galactose; fructose

What is the primary source of fuel for the body's cells?

glucose

Match the monosaccharide with the food where the sugar is commonly found.

glucose- table sugar fructose- fruit galactose- table sugar

Identify the foods that are recommended in abundance by the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid.

grains, vegetables, fruits

Chewing food or _____ makes it easier to swallow food increasing the surface area of the food, giving enzymes greater access to nutrients.

mastication

The Choose Your Foods menu-planning tool categorizes food into three broad groups including ______.

meat and meat substitutes fats carbohydrates

Match the digestive organ with its function

mouth- begins the chemical digestion of starch stomach- muscular sac that can hold up to 4 cups of food small intestine- major site of chemical digestion and absorption large intestine- elimination of waste products esophagus- transfers of food from mouth to stomach

RDA

nutrient intake recommendation set to meet the needs of nearly all individuals of a given age and gender

AI

nutrient intake recommendation set when research is not sufficient to determine RDA

Age, gender, health status, and use of medications all influence a person's overall_____ requirements

nutrition

____ are live microorganisms that play a role in maintaining good health for their human hosts.

probiotics, microflora, microbiome

___ dietary fiber usually forms a semisolid mass in the intestinal tract that is quickly fermented by bacteria.

soluble, viscous

The 6 primary taste sensations are

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, savory and fat

Traditional Asian foods generally feature large amounts of _____.

vegetables. rice or noodles.

Under normal circumstances, ______ carbohydrate, protein, and fat escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine.

very little

Recommendations to reduce the risk of heartburn include:

avoiding smoking cigarettes. losing excess body weight. not overeating at mealtimes.

Some funding sources of scientific research can have certain expectations or _____ about research outcomes, and as a result, are likely to finance studies of scientists whose research supports their interests.

bias

The amount of a nutrient in a food is not as important as how much of that nutrient is used by the body, called the nutrient's ______.

bioavailability

The amount of a particular nutrient that can be effectively digested, absorbed, and used by the body is called

bioavailability

Observational epidemiological research includes

case-control studies, cohort studies

A(n) ____ is the amount of the nutrient that should meet the needs of 50% of the healthy people who are in a particular life stage/gender group.

EAR

The type of research conducted when an investigator measures the frequency of diabetes in different populations is termed ----- studies

Epidemiology

Which of the following Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges is INCORRECT?

Fat 20-25% of total energy intake

Which of the following meals exemplifies the recommendations of the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid?

Fruits, vegetables, beans, olive oil, and wine in moderation

Match the following types of oligosaccharides with common food sources.

Garlic, chicory root, onions, leek, legumes, asparagus, cow's milk and wheat- inulin broccoli, cabbage, brussellese sprouts, onions. legumes and whole grains- raffinose

___ is a condition that occurs when blood glucose level is too low to provide enough energy for the cells.

Hypoglycemia

Which of the following is true about a case-control study?

Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics.

are thickened regions of muscle that function like valves to control the flow of contents at various points in the GI tract.

Intestinal sphincters

Which religions encourage fasting in some form?

Islam, Hindu, Roman Catholic, Jewish

Which of the following is true about a monosaccharide?

It is a chemical unit of carbohydrates. It is the simplest type of sugar.

Accessory organs

Liver and gallbladder

Which of the following can contribute to constipation?

Low water intake Changes in routine Lack of dietary fiber

Which of the following are functions of the liver?

Manufactures bile Makes cholesterol

Epidemiologists often rely on ______ people to obtain health data.

Surveys of, physical examinations of

Examples of African Heritage foods include ______.

Sweet potato pie, and black-eyed peas

True or false: A cohort study is a type of observational epidemiological study.

True

rue or false: The dynamic and rapidly advancing field of nutrition necessitates that scientists change their recommendations in the light of new, substantiated findings.

True

is an inflammatory process that causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and rectum.

Ulcerative Colitis or ulcerative colitis

Which of the following is a primary taste sensation?

Umami

Most milk in the United States is fortified with which of the following vitamins?

Vitamin A and D

Most fruit is a good source of which vitamin?

Vitamin C

Cod liver oil is a rich source of

Vitamin D

Oils are often good sources of ______.

Vitamin E, essential fatty acids

During processing, ______ are incorporated into foods to contribute to flavor, browning and tenderness, and preservation of food.

added sugars

Which of the Dietary Reference Values assumes a population's average daily intake of a nutrient is adequate because no deficiency diseases are present?

adequate intake

In a ____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time.

cohort