Chapter 2,4,5,6,7 Exam Review

Which term describes a very small antigen that must combine with larger molecules to produce an immune response?

A hapten

This test reveals the amount of antibody in a serum sample.

A titer.

An ordered display of chromosomes.

A) Karyotype.

Adaptive immunity is the third line of defense, acquired or specific immunity, and has a slower response. True False

A) True

Gangrene refers to the necrosis that can occur when cells die of hypoxia, which can then result in bacterial invasion. True False

A) True

Opsonin is a substance that increases bacterial susceptibility to being phagocytized. True False

A) True

These cells arrive at the site of injury first. A) Basophils. B) Neutrophils. C) Monocytes. D) Macrophages.

B) Neutrophils.

In teaching about examples of granulocytes, which cellular class should be included? Basophils Monocytes Tlymphocytes Natural killer cells

Basophils

causes dilation of blood vessels (not constriction), acts with prostaglandins to induce pain, causes smooth muscle cell contraction, and increases vascular permeability.

Bradykinin

Which substances can absorb excessive H *(acid) or OH "(base) without a significant change in the plasma pH?

Buffers

These substances can help prevent significant pH changes in the body.

Buffers.

An arterial pH of less than 7.4 is termed:

Acidemia.

An increase of hydrogen ion concentration is termed

Acidosis.

What occurs during the second phase of the immune response?

Activation of clonal selection

This develops in response to an antigen.

Active immunity.

Which term describes a reversible response to a normal condition, such as when the uterus enlarges when pregnant?

Adaptation

A reversible, structural, or functional response to both physiologic and pathological conditions.

Adaptation.

Which action will provide an individual with active immunity?

Administering flu vaccine/immunization

Postmortem decrease of body temperature.

Algor mortis.

An arterial blood pH of greater than 7.4 is termed:

Alkalemia.

A serum decrease in hydrogen ion concentration is called:

Alkalosis.

Individuals with Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome share which commonality?

All are examples of aneuploidy.

These are antigens that cause allergic reactions.

Allergens.

Which substance would be the component of proteins?

Amino acids

A cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes.

Aneuploid cell.

A person has activated the complement system during an inflammatory response to an injury. Which substance activates the complement system?

Antibodies

Their chief job is protect against infection.

Antibodies.

Water is regulated primarily by which substance?

Antidiuretic hormone.

Molecules that binds with antibody receptors on B and T cells.

Antigens.

is a type of programmed cell death.

Apoptosis

The active process of cell self-destruction.

Apoptosis.

A decrease or shrinkage in cellular size.

Atrophy.

A self-destructive process and a survival mechanism.

Autophagy.

Twenty two pairs of identical chromosomes.

Autosomes.

This provided defense against intracellular pathogens.

Cell-mediated immunity.

Which type of immunity primarily attacks cancerous cells?

Cellular

The shift of extracellular water into the cells.

Cellular swelling.

Results from numerical or structural problems.

Chromosomal aberration

Condensed chromatin that contains the basic units of inheritance,

Chromosome.

During this process, B & T cells developed before birth are able to recognize almost any environmental foreign antigen.

Clonal diversity.

The processing of an antigen for a specific immune response.

Clonal selection.

necrosis commonly occurs with a myocardial infarction.

Coagulative

Which substances act as opsonins?

Complement proteins

A membrane attack complex, formed by the activated cascade, causes

Complement, cell lysis.

Contains one chromosome from the father and one from the mother per pair.

Diploid cell.

Which term describes the pathophysiologic process where an individual develops weakness in both lower extremities after a prolonged period of bed rest?

Disuse atrophy

Observable genetic effects.

Dominant.

A condition in which there are three copies of chromosome 21.

Down syndrome.

occurs when water or fluid alters delivery of oxygen to the tissues.

Drowning

a deranged cellular growth that can be reversed if the offending stimulus is removed.

Dysplasia

An abnormal change in the shape, size, and organization of mature cells.

Dysplasia.

These occur in areas of necrosis, and dead and dying tissue.

Dystrophic calcifications.

When asked to describe the meaning of adaptive immunity, which is the best response?

Each individual Tor B cell recognizes only one specific antigen.

Which condition is associated with metastatic calcification?

Elevated serum calcium levels

An individual has a disease that involves multifactorial inheritance. Which factor influenced the expression of the trait?

Environment

When describing the precise area of the antigen that is recognized by an antibody, which term should be used?

Epitope (The precise area of the antigen that is recognized by an antibody is called its antigenic determinant, or epitope.)

A cell with a multiple of the normal number of chromosomes.

Euploid cell.

Which term would be used to describe the mRNA seguence that contains only the wanted segments that code for a specific protein?

Exon

Anatomic barriers are the second line of defense against microorganisms. True False

False

Baroreceptors are sensitive to changes in volume. True False

False

Cells that use normal aerobic metabolism produce less ATP and more lactic acid. True False

False

Dehiscence is a condition in which the wound is pulled together. True False

False

Edema is a lack of fluid accumulated in the interstitial spaces. True False

False

Leukocytosis is the circulation of white blood cells greater than 20.000 ml3 in adults True False

False

Metaplasia cellular adaptation that can occur in smokers can decrease their risk for pneumonia. O True O False

False

Opportunistic organisms are normal flora organisms that will prevent disease if a person's defenses are compromised. True False

False

Phagocytic cells in the peripheral organs and skin are called collagen cells. True False

False

Phagocytosis is the process of ingesting and disposing of extra healthy cells by special eosinophils and macrophages. True False

False

Platelets are activated by vascular injury, and also release inhibitory factors that prevent wound healing. True False

False

Pyrogens act on the hypothalamus to reduce fever, true or false

False

The coagulation system is a group of plasma proteins that prevent the formation of clots. True False

False

The kinin system consists of plasma proteins that act separately and apart from the coagulation system. True False

False

The most abundant class of Igs is IgE, which is transported across the placenta. True False

False

Tissue repair is the replacement of scar tissue with unscarred tissue. True False

False

is thick and sticky because it contains large amounts of fibrin.

Fibrinous exudate

An individual is in phase II of wound healing. Which cells produce collagen during tissue healing?

Fibroblasts

A common clinical syndrome in older adults.

Frailty.

involves the insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs of the DNA molecule.

Frameshift mutation

An electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms that has an unpaired electron making it unstable.

Free radical.

Which condition can be classified as a physical agent of cellular injury?

Frostbite

An individual has a chromosomal anomaly of the sperm cell. Which cell has been affected?

Gamete

The basic unit of inheritance.

Gene.

Which order indicates a correct understanding of the molecular parts of an individual's whole somatic cell from smallest to largest?

Genes, chromosomes, nucleus, human cell

Which information would be included when discussing the DNA helix?

Guanine pairs with cytosine

Which molecule is too small by itself to initiate an immune response in an individual?

Hapten

Which findings are associated with illumination injuries?

Headaches from a halogen lamp

reddish because it contains numerous red blood cells.

Hemorhagic exudate

When mast cells degranulate, which substance is released?

Histamine

This provides defense against extracellular pathogens.

Humoral immunity.

An individual with which genetic disease develops uncontrolled limb movements during middle age?

Huntington disease

Alveolar hypoventilation can lead much carbon dioxide in the blood, causing which condition?

Hypercapnia.

What condition is noted by a potassium level greater than 5.0 mEq/L?

Hyperkalemia.

An increase in the number of cells due to an increase in cell division; may be in response to injury

Hyperplasia

This type of cellular adaptation occurs when the liver regenerates itself after surgical removal of a damaged portion.

Hyperplasia

is an increase in cell number.

Hyperplasia

The type of cellular adaptation that causes the lining of the uterus to thicken after ovulation because of increased amounts of estrogen.

Hyperplasia.

alteration is an increase in extracellular fluid (ECF) sodium concentration (hypernatremia) that results in osmotic attraction of water out of the cells, causing cell shrinkage. Isotonic alteration is the normal concentration of sodium in the ECF and no change in shifts of fluid in or out of cells.

Hypertonic

A compensatory increase in the size of the cells, which increases the size of the organ.

Hypertrophy.

This type of cellular adaptation occurs when an individual who lifts weights regularly develops larger biceps, triceps, hamstrings, quadriceps.

Hypertrophy.

alteration is a decrease in ECF sodium (Na) concentration (hyponatremia), resulting in intracellular fluid osmotic attraction of water with swelling and potential bursting of cells.

Hypotonic

Which condition would lead to the development of respiratory acidosis? Vomiting Tissue hypoxia Hypoventilation Herventilation

Hypoventilation

This occurs when a cell lacks sufficient oxygen.

Hypoxia.

Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant in body secretions?

IgA.

This Ig has a low concentration in blood, and is a surface receptor on developing B lymphocytes.

IgD.

This Immunoglobulin is active against parasites and is an important mediator of allergic responses.

IgE.

Which immunoglobulin provides the most protection against infection and is the most abundant?

IgG

This immunoglobulin is produced during the primary response to antigen, and is the largest of the Igs.

IgM.

These types of cells have not yet encountered an antigen.

Immunocompetent cells.

Which term is used to describe a molecule that induce an immune response?

Immunogen

These molecules induce an immune response."

Immunogens.

When teaching about the primary difference between adaptive immunity and innate immunity, which type of cell or protein is primarily involved in the adaptive response?

Immunoglobulins

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD.

Immunoglobulins.

An individual breaks the first line of defense against infection. Which mechanism should now follow?

Inflammation.

Which cytokine has some antiinflammatory effects?

Interleukin-10 (IL-10)

Which lab result will need to be closely monitored in hemosiderosis?

Iron

Which term describes a reduced blood supply to the heart?

Ischemia

The most common cause of hypoxia.

Ischemia.

Which description characterizes metaplasia?

It is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type.

An ordered display of chromosomes.

Karyotype

Which organ regulates bicarbonate reabsorption and regeneration?

Kidneys

Which term applies to a small skin tear that has abraded and irregular edges?

Laceration

occur when the tensile strength of the skin is exceeded.

Lacerations

a common type of necrosis in the brain.

Liquefactive necrosis

Purple discolorization caused by blood settling in the most dependent tissues.

Livor mortis.

A gene's position on a chromosome.

Locus.

These cells phagocytize microorganisms and cellular debris; secrete chemicals that promote tissue healing: activate adaptive immunity.

Macrophages.

These cells release chemicals that initiate the inflammatory response.

Mast Cells.

An expectant mother expresses concern for her newborn possibly "catching" infection in the hospital. Before answering the expectant mother, which principle should be considered? OMaternal IgE will help the baby fight infection. O Maternal IgG crosses the placenta, providing protection. O Maternal IgD is high after birth of the newborn for protection. O Maternal IgA builds in secretions to help the baby fight infection.

Maternal IgG crosses the placenta, providing protection.

pedigree chart indicates a double bar. Which interpretation of the information would be correct?

Mating of close relatives or consanguinity

the process of cell division in which each daughter cell has a haif set of 23 unpaired chromosomes.

Meiosis

Skin and retinal pigment.

Melanin.

These cells are rapidly activated if a second infection occurs with the same microbe.

Memory cells.

The reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another cell type.

Metaplasia.

Mineral deposits that occur in undamaged tissue.

Metastatic calcifications.

Which process would be included when discussing the inactivation of the X chromosome? O Dystrophin O Crossover O Methylation O Recombination

Methylation

The microorganisms that normally colonize the body surfaces are called the normal flora or normal

Microbiome.

a gene mutation that results from base-pair subsitution

Missense

Which cell type is the precursor of a macrophage?

Monocyte

This is a response to a new antigen, usually within 5 to 7 days.

Primary response.

Which assessment findings are cardinal signs of acute inflammation found in a person with inflammation of the knee? Select all that apply.

O Painful knee O Warmth of the knee O Swelling of the knee O Loss of knee movement

Which information indicates an accurate understanding of the process that confers long- lasting immunity against a specific organism?

O Production of memory cells

When asked to explain the differences between the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response, which information would be included to highlight the differences?

O The adaptive immune response recognizes specific antigens.

Which statement is appropriate when describing the information a pedigree provides?

OThe pedigree is a method for identifying family members affected by a genetic disease."

Which process should be included when teaching about how antibodies promote phagocytosis?

Opsonization

Which term should be used to describe the process of "gluing" bacteria with antibodies to promote phagocytosis of the microorganisms?

Opsonization

Which process is responsible for movement of water between the interstitial intracellular compartments?

Osmosis

Injury induced by free radicals, especially reactive oxygen species.

Oxidative stress.

The administration of of pre-formed antibodies or lymphocytes.

Passive immunity.

Chart summarizing family relationships.

Pedigree.

Summarizes family relationships.

Pedigree.

The outward appearance of a person.

Phenotype.

Which cells in the body will produce antibodies?

Plasma cells

sites are the sequences of DNA that specify the beginning of a gene.

Promoter

Which term would be used to describe the sequence of DNA that specifies the beginning of an individual's gene?

Promoter site

is when there are duplicated chromosomes or two sister chromatids.

Prophase

Which information would be included when discussing termination codons?

Protein synthesis

Which information is correct regarding genes and proteins?

Protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm.

is whitish-yellow because it contains many white blood cells and pus.

Purulent exudate (pus)

Hidden genetic effects.

Recessive.

A lack of circulating blood volume to the kidneys causes them to release which substance?

Renin.

Which term is used to describe the condition in which there is a loss of muscle mass and strength?

Sarcopenia

A rapid response to a known antigen.

Secondary response.

What is the major function of T helper cells?

Secreting cytokines that regulate the immune response

An individual with ill-fitting shoes developed a small blister that burst, releasing clear watery fluid. Which type of exudate was released?

Serous

is watery because it contains few cells and not much protein.

Serous exudate

Which electrolyte is closely associated with water?

Sodium

All cells other than sperm and egg cells.

Somatic cell.

This system protects the external surfaces of the body from infections.

The secretory immune system.

This is involved in the differentiation of stem cells into T-Cells.

The thymus.

To help an individual's wound heal, it is suggested to eat foods high in vitamins A and C. Which is the rationale for this action?

These vitamins are required for collagen synthesis.

Which information is correct regarding cytokines?

They include interleukins and interferons.

Which are base pairs in DNA?

Thymine pairs with adenine

Which topic would describe categories of nerve, epithelial, connective, and muscle?

Tissues

Which term should be used to describe self-antigens that do not elicit an immune response?

Tolerance

Which process of genetics involves anticodon?

Translation

A condition in which a cell has three copies of each chromosome.

Triploidy.

A chemokine is a signaling molecule that attracts white blood cells. True False

True

A client with a serum sodium of 125 mEg/L should have a diagnosis of hyponatremia. True False

True

A plasma cell is an antibody producing cell. True False

True

Acute cellular swelling is reversible if oxygen is supplied quickly. vO True False

True

Capillary hydrostatic pressure makes it easier for water to move from the capillary to the interstitial space. True False

True

Capillary oncotic pressure attracts water from the interstitial space into the capillary. True False

True

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body, and is necessary for healing. True False

True

Compensation has occurred when the lungs and kidneys have made adjustments to correct serum pH.

True

Eosinophils have specific function to defend against parasites, and degrade vasoactive substances released by mast cells.

True

Exudate is the result of inflammation caused by increased vascular permeability. It may be watery, thick and clotted, or contain pus. True False

True

Histamine, along with other molecules, causes post-capillary dilation, resulting in increased blood flow in the micro circulation, resulting in inflammation, True False

True

Hyperparathyroidism is a cause of hypercalcemia.

True

Innate immunity is natural or native immunity. True False

True

Interstitial fluid is found in the space between the cells and outside the blood vessels. vO True False

True

Mast cells are important in the cellular activation of the inflammatory responses. True False

True

Normal flora are bacteria and fungi that are unique to a particular location and individual, True False

True

Phagocytic cells in the peripheral organs and skin are called collagen cells. True False

True

Phagocytic cells in the peripheral organs and skin are called collagen cells. True False Inflammation is a programmed response designed to limit the extent of cell or tissue damage. True False

True

The complement system contains a large number of proteins that can destroy pathogens directly, or by triggering other components of the immune system. True False

True

The decrease in size of the thymus gland that is initiated during childhood is called physiologic atrophy. True False

True

Which condition is associated with caseous necrosis?

Tuberculosis

A condition in which a person is missing a sex chromosome resulting in a total of 45 chromosomes.

Turner syndrome.

Which pathway is primarily responsible for protein catabolism?

Ubiquitin-proteasome

An individual has an inflammatory response. Upon assessment, edema is found in the individual's foot. What caused the edema?

Vascular permeability

allows increased blood flow to the area causing the redness of inflammation. The condition is inflammation rather than regeneration. Secretion of cytokines (chemical messengers) is not the direct cause of the redness of inflammation.

Vasodilation

Which vitamin is an antioxidant?

Vitamin C, vitamin E, and cysteine are nutrient antioxidants.

When should it be recorded that an individual has fibrous exudate?

When thick, clotted exudate from severe inflammation occurs

A person injures the left leg. When would substantial numbers of neutrophils be expected to arrive at the site of injury?

Within 6 to 12 hours Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site, arriving within 6 to 12 hours after the initial injury. Macrophages may enter the site after 24 hours or later, but usually arrive 3 to 7 days later.

thymine. The double-ringed bases (purines) are

adenine and guanine.

the sister chromatids separate.

anaphase,

the three-nucleotide sequence at the opposite side of the cloverleaf is called the

anticodon,

These cells are responsible for cell-mediated destruction of tumor cells or cells infected with viruses.

cytotoxic cells.

wound is longer than it is deep.

incised wound

inherited alteration of genetic material.

mutation

Which population would a sex-limited disease occur in?

occurs only in males or only in females.

Fat necrosis is common in

pancreatitis.

is the accumulation of cellular damage in continuously dividing cells, leading Shortening of telomeres

senescence

Consequences of hyperglycemia include

suppression of macrophages and increased risk for wound infection.

Which process results from rough endoplasmic reticulum damage in hypoxic injury?

Decreased protein synthesis

In which way does plasmin function in the body?

Degrades blood clots

Loss of a chromosomal segment thereby losing genetic material.

Deletion.

Which is the primary constituent of chromatin?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Which term describes the movement of a leukocyte through retracted endothelial junctions to the site of tissue injury?

Diapedesis

Which condition is associated with a high arterial blood pH?

O An alkaline condition

Which cell type is responsible for the expected physical changes associated with inflammation?

O Mast cells

Which statement is correct concerning DNA?

"DNA is the genetic code for making all the body's proteins."

Which statement accurately describes the importance of a codon?

"It ultimately determines which amino acid will be placed in a protein."

Which statement is correct regarding mitosis?

"Mitosis is cell division in which each daughter cell has a full set of 46 chromosomes

Which statement describes the process of transcription?

"This process occurs when MRNA is formed from DNA.

Place the steps of the events of acute inflammation in order. Vasodilation. Local edema. Leakage of plasma into tissues. Tissue damage caused by injury. Increased vascular permeability. White blood cell margination and entry into tissues.

2,5,4,1,3,6

How many chromosomes does a gamete contain?

23

The gametes are haploid cells that have only have how many chromosomes

23 chromosomes and are formed from diploid cells through meiosis.

How many bases occur in a codon?

3

How many chromosomes are contained in a somatic cell?

46

Klinefelter syndrome

47, XXY

Which of the following increases the client's risk for wound dehiscence?

5'3" tall with weight 189 lb

Which term would be used to describe the protein that checks the accuracy of an individual's DNA replication?

DNA polymerase

Double strands of chemicals that are the primary components of chromatin.

DNA.

This condition has occurred when all components of the arterial blood gas have returned to normal.

Correction.

Hypochloremia is a characteristic of which genetic disease?

Cystic Fibrosis.

Single gene disorder.

Cystic fibrosis.

Which terms would be used to describe the two bases that form the single carbon-nitrogen rings in the structure of the DNA molecule?

Cytosine and thymine

Which term would be used to describe a condition in which a single chromosome is missing in an individual's diploid cell?

Monosomy

Which parent is responsible for the genetic transmission of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

Mother only Which is an X linked recessive disorder transmitted by the mother and if the mail has a disorder he will transmit the Jeanne to all of his daughters and they will be carriers

Which agents include nitrogen mustard, vinyl chloride, and formaldehyde?

Mutagens

Inherited alteration of genetic material.

Mutation.

Which pathophysiologic mechanisms involve silent, missense, and nonsense?

Mutations

Naturetic peptides are primarily made by which structure in the body?

Myocardium.

Cell death by causes inflammation to surrounding tissues, but cell death by does not

Necrosis, Apoptosis.

The term used to describe the sum of cellular changes after local cell death.

Necrosis.

Which term should be used to describe the function of an antibody that inactivates or blocks the binding of an antigen to a cell receptor?

Neutralization is inactivating or blocking the binding of antigens to receptors.

An individual has an injury to the left leg. Which phagocytes will help in the early stage of inflammation?

Neutrophils

Which asphyxial injury causes oxygen molecules not to reach the blood?

Suffocation occurs when oxygen fails reach the blood, often from a lack of oxygen in the environment.

produces two daughter cells.

Telophase

What is the best description of monoclonal antibodies for treatment?

The "best" single antibody has been cloned.

This is involved in the differentiation of stem cells into B-Cells.

The bone marrow.

Which condition is evident in a child who has been vomiting for 2 days and is found to have rapid pulse, dry mouth, decreased skin elasticity, and irritability?

The child is dehydrated.

Which system regulates potassium levels?

The kidneys

is an injury in which a wide area of tissue is pulled away, creating a flap.

avulsion