Chapter 25

SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF A CYSTIC HYGROMA

1. Cystic neck mass divided in the midline by a thick fibrous band of tissue 2. The mass may contain smaller cystic areas with internal septations

The thickness of the nuchal fold in the second trimester should not exceed:

6 mm

The nuchal fold measurement is typically obtained between ___ weeks and ___ weeks

Between 15 weeks and 21 weeks

The measurement obtained between the lateral Walls of the orbits is referred to as the:

Binocular diameter

Which of the following is a benign neck cysts found most often near the angle of congenital the mandible?

Branchial cleft cyst

At what level is the nuchal fold measurement obtained?

Cavum septum pellucidum

Close-set eyes and a nose with a single nostril is termed:

Cebocephaly

Which conditions affect the orbits?

Cebocephaly, Cyclopia, Ethmocephaly

Nuchal thickening is most commonly associated with:

Down syndrome

An increase distance between the orbits is referred to as:

Hypertelorism

What is the term for a smaller than normal ear?

Microtia

An increased nuchal fold is most likely associated with:

Trisomy 21

fetal hydrops?

abnormal accumulation of fluid in at least two fetal body cavities

cleft palate?

abnormal development of the soft and/ or hard palate of the mouth where there is a division in palate

nuchal translucency?

anechoic space along the pos- terior aspect of the fetal neck

thyroglossal duct cyst?

benign congenital cysts located within the midline of the neck superior to the thyroid gland and near the hyoid bone

fetal goiter?

diffuse enlargement of the fetal thyroid gland

amniotic band syndrome?

group of abnormalities associated with the entrapment of fetal parts in the amnion, often resulting in fetal amputations or clefting

ethmocephaly is a associated with

holoprosencephaly

The sonographic appearance of a cystic hygroma is

is that of a cystic neck mass divided in the midline by a thick fibrous band of tissue.

interocular diameter?

length between the orbits; measured from the medial margin of one orbit to the medial margin of the other orbit

binocular diameter?

measurement from the lateral margin of one orbit to the lateral margin of the other orbit

nuchal fold thickness?

measurement taken in the second trimester of the skin on the posterior aspect of the fetal neck

small mandible and recessed chin is

micrognathia

nuchal?

posterior part or nape of the neck

An ___ which displaces the orbits laterally, has been cited as the most common cause of ___. ___ has been cited as the most common cause of ___

An anterior cephalocele, which displaces the orbits laterally, has been cited as the most common cause of hypertelorism. Holoprosencehaly has been cited as the most common cause of hypotelorism.

The absence of the eyes is termed:

Anophthalmia

The most common cause of hypertelorism is:

Anterior cephalocele

A nuchal fold measurement of ___ mm or larger is considered abnormal.

6 mm

An oral teratoma is referred to as:

Epignathus

An unusual protuberance of the tongue is termed:

Macroglossia

The most common location of a cystic hygroma is within the:

Neck

holoprosencephaly?

group of brain abnormalities consisting of varying degrees of fusion of the lateral ventricles, absence of the midline structures, and associated facial anomalies

ocular diameter?

the measurement from the lateral margin of the orbit to the medial margin of the same orbit

The fetal lip typically closes by:

8 weeks

A cystic hygroma is the result of:

An abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the soft tissue

An abnormal division in the lip is referred to as:

Cleft lip

Fusion of the orbits is termed:

Cyclopia

A large, mostly cystic mass containing a thick, midline septation is noted in the cervical spine region of a fetus. This most likely represents a(n):

Cystic hygroma

There is a definite link between microtia and what syndrome?

Down syndrome

Which of the following is also referred to as trisomy 21?

Down syndrome

The condition in which there is no nose and a proboscis separating two close-set orbits is:

Ethmocephaly

The isolated enlargement of the fetal thyroid is referred to as:

Fetal goiter

A small mandible is termed:

Micrognathia

Which of the following may also be referred to as Turner syndrome?

Monosomy X

An absent or hypoplastic nasal bone is most likely associated with:

Trisomy 21

Whenever any form of holoprosencephaly is suspected, a thorough ____ evaluation should be performed to assess for

Whenever any form of holoprosencephaly is suspected, a thorough facial evaluation should be performed to assess for the associated facial abnormalities that often accompany this unfortunate brain malformation.

edema?

abnormal swelling of a structure as a result of a fluid collection

Turner syndrome?

chromosomal aberration where one sex chromosome is absent; may also be referred to as monosomy X

nuchal fold?

collection of solid tissue on the posterior aspect of the fetal neck

aneuploidy?

condition of having an abnormal number of chromosomes

A group of abnormalities associated with the entrapment of fetal parts and fetal amputations is:

Amniotic band syndrome

A reduction in the distance between the orbits is referred to as:

Hypotelorism

Macroglossia is most commonly found with

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

teratoma?

tumor that typically consists of several germ cell layers

The optimal scan plane to visualize micrognathia is

Sagittal

Which of following would most likely involve the development of a cystic hygroma?

Turner syndrome

microphthalmia?

decrease in the size of the eye

The growth disorder syndrome synonymous with organ, skull, and tongue enlargement is:

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Facial anomalies, when discovered, should prompt the sonographer to analyze the brain closely for signs of:

Holoprosencephaly

Which of the following would be most difficult to detect sonographically?

Isolated cleft palate

___ iş defined as an unusual protuberance of the tongue. It is most commonly associated with ___ and ____

Macroglossia iş defined as an unusual protuberance of the tongue. It is most commonly associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Down syndrome.

All of the following are sonographic features of holoprosencephaly

Proboscis with cyclopia, Fused thalamus, Monoventricle

The most frequently encountered chromosomal abnormality associated with holoprosencephaly is:

Trisomy 13

Which of the following is also referred to as Patau syndrome?

Trisomy 13

Micrognathia is a condition found in:

Trisomy 18