chapter 25 26 and 27
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.
3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria?
A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding water intake and output by the body?
An increase in fluid taken by mouth would reduce the amount produced by metabolism.
The renal corpuscle is made up of
Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
What negatively charged ion is reabsorbed by renal tubules when the blood pH is drawing near its alkaline limit?
CL-
Which of the following does NOT describe the juxtaglomerular complex?
Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone
Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?
K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
Which of the following is the only logical explanation for why hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and causes muscle tetany?
Low plasma calcium ion concentration increases the permeability of neuron membranes to sodium ions, thereby causing depolarization that in turn increases the likelihood of action potentials being generated.
The relatively long half-life of lipid-soluble hormones (steroid hormones) compared to water-soluble hormones is due in part to the way that these hormones are passed into the filtrate from the glomerular capillaries. From the list below select the best explanation for why lipid-soluble (steroid) hormones have a relatively long half-life.
Steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that cannon pass through the filtration membrane.
If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is NOT likely to occur?
Systemic blood pressure will decrease.
If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction), which of the following is NOT likely to occur?
Systemic blood pressure will go up.
What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed.
Which of the following would NOT be associated with a rise in K+ concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
a drop in Na+ reabsorption
An increase in blood CO2 levels leads to
a drop in blood pH
Which of the following is NOT associated with the renal corpuscle?
a vasa recta
3) The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________.
aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule
Suppose the extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality becomes too high. What hormone would most likely be released to correct this situation?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
arcuate
What is the primary buffer in the plasma?
bicarbonate buffer system
The macula densa cells respond to
changes in solute content of the filtrate
The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following?
damage to the filtration membrane
Which of the choices below is NOT a function of the urinary system?
eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat
Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.
false
If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.
false
Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.
false
The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.
false
The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.
false
The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.
false
For bulk flow across capillary walls,
hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space
Which of the following conditions promotes edema?
hypoproteinemia
Part complete What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in both cells and tissue?
hypotonic hydration
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the
nephron
The fluid link between the external and internal environment is
plasma
Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.
potassium
What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release?
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.
stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
Hypersecretion of aldosterone results in hypokalemia, which causes hyperpolarization of neurons; this in turn results in
the need for a stronger than normal stimulus in order to trigger an action potential
Which of the following is NOT an effect of PTH?
to decrease Ca2+ absorption in the gut (Calcium has two valence electrons, so it is generally written as Ca2+, or Ca++)
Total body water is NOT a function of which of the following?
total water ingested
Which of the following does NOT impact how much sodium is reabsorbed?
transport maximum of the renal proximal tubule
Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of body fluids.
true
The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.
true
The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.
true
