Chapter 25
incomplete proteins
proteins that lack one or more essential amino acids
complete proteins
proteins that provide all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions
- synthesis of DNA and RNA - growth of different body tissues - ATP production pathways - blood clotting
roles of vitamins...
- enriched grains - animal products - plant sources
sources that minerals can be obtained from...
- glycoproteins - ATP - glycolipids - nucleic acids
sugars are a structural component of...
phosphorylation
the addition of an inorganic phosphate group to an organic molecule
calorie
the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius
lipids
the body's main energy-storage molecule
glycogenolysis
the breaking down of glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate
ketosis
the condition that occurs as a result of a high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood
glycolysis
the conversion of glucose into two molecule of pyruvic acid
thermic effect of food
the energy cost of digesting and absorbing food as well as the synthesis of new molecules
basal metabolic rate
the energy needed to keep the resting body functional
oxygen
the final electron acceptor in the electron-transport chain
liver
the organ that can convert glucose-6-phosphate into glucose which will then diffuse into the blood
nutrition
the process in which the body obtains and uses food
cori cycle
the process of converting lactic acid to glucose
gluconeogenesis
the process of making glucose from a noncarbohydrate source
metabolic rate
the rate that can be estimated by measuring the amount of oxygen used per minute
1. proteins 2. carbohydrates 3. lipids 4. vitamins 5. minerals 6. water
the six classes of nutrients
glycogen
the storage form of glucose that is rapidly converted back to glucose when blood sugar levels are low
lipogenesis
the synthesis of fats
glycogenesis
the synthesis of glycogen, which occurs in conditions of excess glucose
adipose tissue
the tissue type that serves the body by storing energy, protecting organs, and preventing heat loss
triglyceride
the type of lipid stored within adipose tissue
proteins
type of macromolecule that functions as a membrane receptor, pump, ion channel, and cell-identity marker within cellular membranes
polyunsaturated fats
unsaturated fats with more than one double bond
monounsaturated fats
unsaturated fats with only one double bond
vitamin C
vitamin involved in collagen synthesis and general protein metabolism
vitamin A
vitamin necessary for rhodopsin synthesis
vitamin B2
vitamin that is a component of FAD and involved in the citric acid cycle
vitamin B3
vitamin that is a component of NAD and involved in glycolysis and citric acid cycle
pantothenic acid
vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme-A and involved in steroid hormone synthesis
folate
vitamin that prevents birth defects
vitamin D
vitamin that promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization
vitamin D
vitamin that promotes calcium and phosphorus use
essential vitamins
vitamins that the body cannot synthesize
- B - C
water soluble vitamins
liver
what organ converts galactose to glucose, which can be used to make ATP?
vitamins
which class of nutrients do we require the least of?
1. monosaccharides 2. disaccharides 3. polysaccharides
3 principle forms of carbohydrates
10-35% of total kcals
AMDR for protein
true
T/F... as an energy storage molecule, fat contains more than twice as much energy (calories) per gram than does carbohydrate or protein
provitamin
a molecule that can be assembled or modified into a functional vitamin
polysaccharide
a polymer of simple sugars
deamination
a process used to convert amino acids into intermediate molecules of carbohydrate metabolism
anabolism
all energy-requiring chemical reactions that build large molecules from smaller ones
metabolism
all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
nonessential amino acids
amino acids that are required for protein synthesis but that do not need to be ingested
essential amino acids
amino acids that the body cannot synthesize
4 kcal/g of energy
amount of energy provided by carbs and proteins...
coenzyme
an organic molecule that combines with an enzymes to make it functional
indispensable nutrients
another name for essential nutrients...
complex carbohydrates
another name for polysaccharides...
fatty acid chains
beta oxidation metabolizes....
oxidation-reduction reactions
chemical reactions that involve that transfer of electrons from one molecule to another
mitochondria
citric acid cycle takes place in...
proteins
class of nutrients that provides our chief dietary source of nitrogen
vitamins
coenzymes are usually derived from...
- meat - milk - eggs
complete protein sources
100 mg
daily requirement for trace minerals
- maltose - sucrose - lactose
dietary disaccharides...
vitamins
dietary organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts
lactose
disaccharide called milk sugar
fatty acids
eicosanoids are derived from...
most vitamins, minerals, water
essential nutrients...
1. glycolysis 2. formation of acetyl-CoA 3. citric acid cycle 4. electron transport chain
event of aerobic respiration (in order)
- triglycerides - cholesterol - phospholipids
examples of lipids...
- copper - iodine - zinc - iron
examples of trace minerals...
- A - D - E - K
fat-soluble vitamins
free fatty acids
fatty acids that are released into the blood from adipose tissue
- precursor for bile salts - structural component of the plasma membrane - precursor for steroid hormones
functions of cholesterol
- involved in blood clotting - involved in smooth muscle contraction - inflammation - tissue repair
functions of eicosanoid
- transport - muscle contraction - structural strength
functions of proteins in the body...
- growth of different body tissues - ATP production pathways - synthesis of DNA and RNA - blood clotting
functions of vitamins
pyruvic, lactic
in anaerobic fermentation, NADH donates a pair of electrons to ____ acid, thus reducing it to ____ acid and regenerating NAD
minerals
inorganic elements that plants extract from soil or water
saturated fats
lipids containing fatty acids with no double bonds within their carbon chains
liver
location where lactic acid is converted back into pyruvate
cellular fuel
major function of carbs in the body
triglycerides/triacylglycerols
make up 95% of dietary lipids... consist of a glycerol molecule attached to 3 fatty acids
absorptive
metabolic state where glucose is processed into glycogen
postabsorptive
metabolic state where lactic acid, glycogen, and fatty acids are processed into glucose
chlorine
mineral involved in acid-base balance
calcium
mineral involved in bone matrix formation
iron
mineral involved in hemoglobin component
potassium
mineral involved in resting membrane potential in muscles
iodine
mineral involved in thyroid hormone production
daily requirement
minerals are divided into two groups based on....
- calcium - phosphorus
minerals involved in bone and teeth formation...
trace minerals
minerals that are required in very small amounts in the diet
glycogen
molecule that serves as a short-term storage molecule for glucose
ketone bodies
molecules formed when acetyl-CoA molecules from fatty acids combine together instead of entering the citric acid cycle
lipids
molecules that serve as the body's main energy storage
fructose
monosaccharide called fruit sugar
plants
most carbs humans ingest come from...
30%
muscular activity consumes about ___% of the body's energy
carbohydrates
nutrient that... - most come from plants - provide fiber or roughage - should be 45-65% of total adult kilocalories - starch, glycogen, and cellulose are examples - form part of DNA, RNA, and ATP
proteins
nutrient that... - the body cannot synthesize nine of the monomers - meat, fish, leafy green vegetables, and legumes are examples - can be carriers in the blood, antibodies, enzymes, or hormones - should be 10-35% of total adult kilocalories
lipids
nutrient that... - stored in the adipose tissue or the liver - can be saturated or unsaturated - provide energy, surround and pad organs, and provide insulation - should be 20-35% of total adult kilocalories - help form steroid hormones, plasma membranes, and eicosanoids
