Chapter 26: Nutrition and Metabolism - CONNECT HW

How much ATP is produced by the complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of glucose?

32 moles

The products of complete glucose catabolism (oxidation) include which of following?

ATP, carbon dioxide, and water

What is amination?

Addition of NH2 to a molecule

A person's basal metabolic rate (BMR) is his or her metabolic rate during which of following states/situations?

At a comfortable temperature, relaxed, and in a postabsorptive state

What is lipolysis?

Breakdown of triglycerides

Which term describes the amount of energy that will raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 degrees Celsius?

Calorie

Because the class of nutrients called _______ are rapidly oxidized, they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient.

Carbohydrates

Which nutrient class includes sugars and glycogen?

Carbohydrates

What is the major function of carbohydrates in the body?

Cellular fuel - ATP

What is vitamins function?

Coenzymes for many metabolic pathways; antioxidants, etc.

What is vitamin A's function?

Component of the visual pigments; promote proteoglycan synthesis; promotes epithelial maintenance; functions as an antioxidant

Use of a fan or a breeze to cool the body is an example of which type of heat transfer?

Convection

What is waters function?

Coolant; Solvent; reactant or product in many metabolic reactions, etc.

What is lactose most common dietary source?

Cow's milk

The removal of an amino group from an organic molecule is known as _______________.

Deamination

The essential nutrients include which of the following?

Eight of the amino acids, most vitamins, and all minerals

Radiation

Emission of infrared energy (rays); contact is not required for energy transfer

What is vitamin K's function?

Essential to prothrombin synthesis and blood clotting

True or false: Water-soluble fiber includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.

False

What is fluoride most common dietary sources?

Fluoridated water and toothpaste, tea, seafood, seaweed

What is fructose most common dietary source?

Fruits

What is carbohydrates function?

Fuel; glycoproteins and glycolipids

What is lipids function?

Fuel; plasma membrane structure; myelin sheaths; hormones; insulation; padding around organs, etc.

What is maltose most common dietary source?

Germinating cereal grains

Glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and aerobic respiration are the three major pathways for the catabolism (breakdown) of __________.

Glucose

Which are monosaccharides?

Glucose, fructose, & glactose

Which term refers to the synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose?

Glycogenesis

Evaporation

Heat dissipated as it breaks bonds between water molecules

Conduction

Heat transferred molecule to molecule; contact is required for energy transfer

Which are examples of water-insoluble fiber?

Hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin

Which brain region monitors and regulates body temperature?

Hypothalamus

The hormone _______________ functions to increase cellular absorption of glucose, stimulate glycogenesis, and inhibit gluconeogenesis in response to an elevated blood glucose level.

Insulin

The _________ cycle (citric acid cycle) is a cyclic series of reactions that results in the complete breakdown of nutrient molecules into CO2, NADH, FADH2, water and ATP.

Krebs

Insulin and ________ work as "adiposity signals," informing the brain of how much adipose tissue the body has and activating mechanisms for adding or reducing fat.

Leptin

The term _________ refers to the synthesis of fats.

Lipogenesis

The specific term for the catabolism (breakdown) of fat (lipids) for fuel is ________________.

Lipolysis

Which are dietary disaccharides?

Maltose, sucrose, and lactose

_______ is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

Metabolism

What is calciums most common dietary sources?

Milk, fish, shellfish, greens, tofu, orange juice

What are the three principle forms of dietary carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

What is proteins function?

Muscle contractions enzymes; antibodies; buffers; emergency fuel, etc.

Which term is defined as any ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body?

Nutrient

Which peptides are involved in short-term regulation of appetite?

Peptide YY, Cholecystokinin, and Ghrelin

Which are lipids?

Phospholipids, Triglycerides, and Cholesterol

What is vitamin D's function?

Promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization

What is vitamin C's function?

Promotes hemoglobin and collagen synthesis; functions an an antioxidant

Which class of nutrient is our chief dietary source of nitrogen?

Proteins

In the presence of oxygen, _______ acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration.

Pyruvic

What is irons most common dietary sources?

Red meat, liver, shellfish, eggs, dried fruits, nuts, legumes, molasses

What is sucrose most common dietary source?

Refined from sugarcane and sugar beets

What are the components of an ATP molecule?

Ribose, phosphate, and Adenine

Which are directly involved in the process of protein synthesis?

Ribosomes, tRNA, DNA, & mRNA

____________ temperature is the temperature close to the body surface, e.g. skin and oral temperature.

Shell

The recommended intake of the nutrient _______ is 1.1 g/day, but typical American diet contains about 3.4 g/day.

Sodium

What is minerals function?

Structure of bones and teeth; electrolytes; buffers; stomach acid, etc.

What is sodiums most common dietary sources?

Table salt, processed foods; usually present in excess

Homeostatic regulation of the body temperature within a narrow range is known as ________.

Thermoregulation

Which term refers to the total sum of BMR and energy expenditure for voluntary activities, especially muscular contractions?

Total metabolic rate

Convection

Transfer of heat to a moving fluid such as blood, air, or water

Which vitamin promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization?

Vitamin D