Chapter 26

Serviceman's Readjustment Act

(GI Bill) (1944) - The G. I. Bill of Rights or Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs or G. I.s) as well as one-year of unemployment compensation. It also provided loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses.

Bretton Woods Conference

1944, (FDR) , The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.

McCarran Internal Security Act

1950 Act passed over Truman's veto; made it unlawful to advocate or support the establishment of a totalitarian government, restricted the employment and travel of those joining Communist-front organizations, and authorized the creation of detention camps for subversives.

McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act

1952 - Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952, it kept limited immigration based on ethnicity, but made allowances in the quotas for persons displaced by WWII and allowed increased immigration of European refugees. Tried to keep people from Communist countries from coming to the U.S. People suspected of being Communists could be refused entry or deported.

NSC

1968 - urged militarized anticommunist offense. "containment" wasn't good enough anymore. Endorsed increases in Ami nukes, large standing army, increase in CIA's covert actions, quadruple defense budget.

Alger Hiss and julius and ethel rosenburg

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.Ethel and Julius began to conspire about releasing secrets to the Soviet Union in 1940. She was brought to trial on the same date as her husband, Julius. Both were convicted and executed. This was the first time that a US citizen suffered this penalty during times of peace.

Truman Doctrine

Expressed by Turman in a speech in 1947, it said that if any country is undergoing a revolution towards communism, the US will give them money to stop it. $400 million to Greece and Turkey.

Fair Deal

Fair Deal: An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

Federal Employee Loyalty Program

Federal Employee Loyalty Program: United States Executive Order 9835, sometimes known as The Loyalty Order, was signed March 21, 1947[1] by U.S. President Harry S. Truman. The order established the first general loyalty program in the United States, which was designed to root out communist influence within the various departments of the U.S. federal government.

House Un-American Activities Committee

House Un-American Activities Committee: (HUAC) committee formed in the House of Representatives in the 1930s to investigate radical groups in the United States; it later came to focus on the threat of communism in the United States during World War II and the Cold War, Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents. Made a standing committee in 1945. During World War II it investigated pro-fascist groups, but after the war it turned to investigating alleged communists. From 1947-1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government and Hollywood film industry.

Employment Act of 1946

Its main purpose was to lay the responsibility of economic stability onto the federal government.

Jiang Jieshi vs. MAo Zedong

JJ = nationalist gov't unliked by majority of ppl (peasants). MZ = communist, which always appeals to people in poverty. We sent $3b to JJ but it wasn't much of a fight - JJ's troup gave up or mutinied b4 fighting. JJ's regime collapsed easily. MZ established People's Republic of China (PRC) - most populated country in world was communist = bad. Aka Red China

Joseph R. McCarthy

Joseph R. McCarthy : West Virginia senator charged that the state department was infested with communist agents. He had a piece of paper he said contained the names of state department employees who were secretly communists.

Marshall Plan

Named after Sec. of State Marshall who was a General in the war. An American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave billions in economic support to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. A military alliance of European and North American democracies founded after World War II to strengthen international ties between member states—especially the United States and Europe—and to serve as a counter-balance to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact.

Containment Policy

Refers to the foreign policy strategy of the U.S. in the early years of the Cold War in which it attempted to stop what it called the domino effect of nations moving politically towards Soviet Union-based communism, rather than European-American-based democracy.

Cold War

The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another.

President's Commission on Civil Rights, "To Secure These Rights"

Truman met with civil rights leaders and promised action. USSR was capitalizing on our racism to undercut appeals of US to nonwhites worldwide. Therefore Truman established the Commission. And in his "To Secure These Rights" speech he denounced Jim Crow laws, listed reasons to outlaw lynching and poll tax, establish permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission, desegregate army, and end segregation in some areas

George Kennan

U.S. diplomat and historian. Among the most influential Americans in the Foreign Service in the 20th century he served from 1927 in various diplomatic posts in Europe. He sent his Long Telegram (1946), which with his 1947 Foreign Policy article (published under the pseudonym X) was pivotal in the establishment of the cold war U.S. policy of Soviet containment. In 1947 he became chairman of the policy-planning staff of the Dept. of State, and contributed to the development of the Marshall Plan . He also was influential in the development of what became the Central Intelligence Agency's clandestine service.

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill reviewed the international response to Russian aggression and declared an "iron curtain" had descended across Eastern Europe, referring to the rise of communism there as satellite nations under the USSR.

Strom Thurmond, Dixiecrats

aka States Rights Democratic party which was started when 35 delegates from AL and MI walked out of Democratic convention after Truman's party of liberals and urban politicians committed the party to a strong civil-rights plan (they needed votes from AA to win their office). Became known as Dixiecrats - wanted to preserve segregation and restore Democratic party. Thurmond voted leader.

Taft-Hartley Act

barred the closed shop, outlawed secondary boycotts, required union officials to sign loyalty oaths and permitted the president to call a cooling off period to delay any strike that might endanger national safety or heath. Weakened organized drives in nonunion South and West

Federal Civil Defense Administration

big during Second Red Scare - advised ppl to build bomb shelters