Chapter 26- Seed Plants- Hightower Bio1108

What are the unique adaptations and characteristics of Angiosperms? What phylum are angiosperms in?

- Seed enclosed in FRUIT - Reproductive structure- FLOWERS - Phylum: Anthophyta

Monocot

- one cotyledon - leaves are usually parallel - vascular tissue scattered - root system usually fibrous ( no main root) - pollen grain with one opening - floral organs usually in multiples of 3

What is an ovule? What is its purpose?/What happens there?

- the organ that forms the seeds of flowering plants -a zygote is formed inside of the ovule

What is a microsporangium and what does it produce?

Microsporangia are sporangia that produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes when they germinate.

What is integument?

the outer layer(s) of the ovule and develop into a seed coat as the ovule matures following fertilization

Germination

the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow

Stigma

The part of the pistil where pollen germinates.

gametophyte

The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces gametes, or sex cells.

Stamens

The male part of the flower

Style

a structure found within the flower.

Gymnosperm

"Naked" seeds, not in a mature ovary/fruit

Ginkophyta

- 1 species- Ginko Biloba - Pollution Tolerant - Fanlike leaves - monotypic phylum - male or female plants

Basal Angiosperms

- 8,000 species - most are magnolids or water lilies

What is the purpose of flowers? What are the parts of a flower?

- specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves - Sepals: cover and protect bud -Petals: attract pollinators - Stamens - Carpels

Gnetophyta

- tropical or dessert - 3 genera

Dicot

- two cotyledons - veins usually netlike - vascular tissue usually arranged in a ring - root system- taproot usually present - pollen grain with 3 openings - floral organs in multiple of 5

Fruit

-Another layer to protect seed - aid in dispersal of offspring

What are the phyla of gymnosperms? What are the typical characteristics of each phylum?

-Cycadophyta- cycads - Gnetophyta- tropical or dessert - Ginkgophyta- 1 sp: Ginkgo biloba , pollution tolerant, and fanlike leaves - Coniferophyta- conifers

What is a pollen grain? What is its function? What are the advantages of a plant having pollen grains

-Pollen grain divides and forms two sperm nuclei - Reproduce and produce enough seeds for dispersal and propagation.

Describe a typical gymnosperm life cycle. How would this life cycle differ from a non vascular plant life cycle or from a vascular seedless plant life cycle

-The gymnosperm life cycle has a dominant sporophyte generation. -Seedless vascular plants have a dominant sporophyte stage in their life cycle, whilst the non-vascular plants do not have a dominant sporophyte stage.

Coniferophyta

-conifers - produce cones - can get large - most are evergreen - dominate some landscapes

Cycadophyta

-cycads - palm like leaves - Large cones

seed

-embryo & food supply - allow for dispersal and dormancy

What is double fertilization and how does it occur?

-pollen tube discharges 2sperm into the ♀ gametophyte in the ovule - One sperm fertilizes the egg -Other sperm combines with two nuclei in the ♀gametophyte's central cell to start the endosperm

Flowers

-the characteristic reproductive structure of angiosperms - specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves such as sepals, petals, stamens, carpels.

Microsporangia with Microspore, Pollen grain, Antheridia, sperm

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Megasporangia with Megaspore, Archegonia, egg

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Describe a typical angiosperm life cycle. How would this life cycle differ from that of gymnosperms and other plants?

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What are the various groups of angiosperms we discussed in class?

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What is endosperm and what is it used for? What are some examples of endosperm we discussed in class?

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What are the characteristics of monocots? Dicots? How do they differ?

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What are the 5 derived traits of vascular seed plants?

1. Microscopic gametophyte 2.Heterospory 3. Seed 4. Ovule 5. Pollen Grain

What are the five derived traits of vascular seed plants?

1. Reduced Gametophytes 2. Heterospory 3. Ovules 4. Pollen 5. Seeds

Anthophyta

2 key adaptations - Seed enclosed in FRUITS - Reproductive structure: FLOWERS

Endosperm

3N tissue nourishing developing embryo (wheat)

Ovary

A flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and seeds as they develop.

What is the purpose of fruit?

A fruit allows for the dispersal of seeds to places away from the parent.

Double Fertilization

A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm. •1N+1N=2N •1N+2N=3N(endosperm)

ovule

A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte.

Anthers

Site of pollen grain production. Part of the stamen

Fertilization

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell

Which stage is dominant in vascular seed plants: gametophyte or sporophyte?

Sporophyte

Filament

Supports the anther

Carpels

The female part of the flower

Do vascular seed plants have vascular tissue?

Yes

Basal Angiosperm group

a broad group of the most primitive flowering plants.

What is a seed? What are the advantages of a plant producing a seed?

a defensive structure that gives a plant incipient organism a chance to get by for extended stretches of time before it sprouts

Kingdom Plantae

a diverse multicellular group that is typically nonmotile and photoautotroph in which is basis of many different food webs.

Integument

a layer of 2N tissue that grows around the megasporangium3

What are the characteristics of the plant group known as Gymnosperms?

any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed, or ovule

Petals

attract pollinators

Sepals

cover and protect bud

What does a megaspore produce?

egg cells

Cotyledon

first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant

pollen grain

male gametophyte in the protective wall

Monotypic

phylum represented by only one species

What does a microspore produce?

pollen grains

Heterospory

the production of two distinct types of spores by different structures

What is a megasporangium and what does it produce?

the structure in plants that produces megaspores.

Pollination

transfer of pollen grain to ovum