Chapter 26: The Urinary System

An obstruction in the glomerulus would increase the blood pressure in the A) afferent arteriole. B) renal artery. C) efferent arteriole. D) intralobular artery. E) lobular vein.

a

Blood exits the nephron via A) efferent arteriole. B) renal artery. C) afferent arteriole. D) various venules. E) lobar artery.

a

The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the A) juxtaglomerular complex. B) renal pyramid. C) renal corpuscle. D) nephron loop. E) renal papilla.

c

The kidneys are located A) anterior to the colon and pancreas. B) medial to the aorta. C) retroperitoneally. D) at the level between T10 and L1. E) None of the answers are correct.

c

The muscle responsible for stopping the micturition reflex and allowing a person to stop voiding is the A) internal urethral sphincter. B) detrusor. C) external urethral sphincter. D) pyramidalis. E) None of the answers are correct.

c

Urine leaves the renal pelvis and enters the ureter because of A) gravity. B) contractions of the muscular layers of the renal capsule, which squeeze the kidney. C) peristalsis of the ureters. D) opening of valves into the entrance of the ureters, which permits urine to flow through them passively. E) All of the answers are correct.

c

Which area of the nephron completely lacks microvilli and is under hormonal control for the reabsorption of sodium? A) nephron loop B) PCT C) DCT D) papillary duct E) None of the answers are correct.

c

label h

collecting duct

Damage, disease, or irritation of the renal cortex would impair the function of which kidney structures? A) the renal pyramids B) the renal papillae C) the major calyces D) the renal columns E) the nephron units

e

Functions of the urinary system include A) regulating plasma concentrations of ions by controlling the amount lost in the urine. B) regulating blood volume. C) regulating blood pressure. D) conserving nutrients by preventing their excretion in the urine. E) All of the answers are correct.

e

In the nephron loop A) water moves by osmosis out of the descending limb. B) sodium ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb. C) interstitial fluid around the nephron loop has four times the solute concentration as blood plasma. . D) the filtrate in the descending limb becomes more and more hypertonic due to the loss of water. E) All of the answers are correct.

e

In the renal pelvis, fluid processing includes A) further removal of sodium from the filtrate. B) reabsorption of potassium. C) secretion of lipid-soluble drugs. D) osmosis of water. E) None of the answers are correct.

e

The blood vessels at the boundary of the cortex and medulla of the kidney are the A) interlobar artery and vein. B) cortical radiate artery and vein. C) glomerular artery and vein. D) segmental artery and vein. E) arcuate artery and vein.

e

The known functions of the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys include A) regulation of the glomerular blood flow. B) stimulation of renin release. C) direct stimulation of water reabsorption. D) direct stimulation of sodium ion reabsorption. E) All of the answers are correct.

e

The last part of the renal tubule is the A) nephron loop. B) proximal convoluted tubule. C) glomerular capsule. D) glomerulus. E) distal convoluted tubule.

e

The nephron loop is composed of (the) A) ascending limb. B) descending limb. C) thick segment. D) thin segment. E) All of the answers are correct.

e

Which of the following sits atop the kidneys? A) kidneys B) ureters C) urethra D) urinary bladder E) suprarenal glands

e

label m

juxtamedullary nephron

label o

medulla

label k

minor calyx

label e

nephron loop

label a

proximal convoluted tubule

True/False: A condition in which kidney stones are present in the kidneys is called nephrolithiasis.

true

True/False: A condition of pain upon urination is called dysuria.

true

True/False: A technique in which an artificial membrane regulates the composition of the blood is called hemodialysis.

true

True/False: An inability to control urination voluntarily is called incontinence.

true

True/False: Inflammation of the lining of the urinary bladder is called cystitis.

true

True/False: Solid structures formed from calcium deposits, magnesium, or crystals of uric acid in the kidneys are called calculi.

true

True/False: The collecting ducts are formed by merging distal convoluted tubules.

true

True/False: The papillary duct empties into the minor calyx.

true

In juxtamedullary nephrons, the efferent arterioles and peritubular capillaries are connected to a long, slender series of capillaries that accompany the nephron loops into the medulla. These are (the) A) vasa recta. B) cortical radiate veins. C) arcuate arteries. D) segmental arteries. E) None of the answers are correct.

a

The large passageways into which the minor calyces empty are the A) major calyces. B) renal cortices. C) renal medullae. D) renal pelvis. E) renal calyx.

a

The secondary function of the DCT to reabsorb sodium is controlled by the hormone(s) A) aldosterone. B) ADH. C) renin. D) cortisol. E) aldosterone and ADH.

a

The ureters A) are retroperitoneal. B) float freely within the abdominal cavity. C) take exactly the same path to the bladder in men and women. D) have specialized subdivisions called the urethrae. E) None of the answers are correct.

a

Urine is formed in the A) kidney. B) kidney and bladder. C) ureter and bladder. D) urethra. E) ureter and urethra.

a

Which of the following drains into the minor calyx? A) papillary duct B) collecting duct C) proximal convoluted tubule D) renal corpuscle E) distal convoluted tubule

a

A glomerulus A) is a portion of the proximal convoluted tubule. B) is a capillary knot contained within the renal corpuscle. C) occurs in the nephron loop. D) filters urine just prior to its exit from the kidney. E) None of the answers are correct.

b

A nephron has two parts: A) proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule. B) renal corpuscle and renal tubules. C) collecting duct and convoluted tubules. D) glomerulus and collecting duct. E) renal tubule and collecting duct.

b

ADH acts mostly on the A) PCT. B) collecting system. C) nephron loop. D) glomerulus. E) None of the answers are correct.

b

After draining through the collecting system, tubular fluid enters (the) A) major calyx. B) minor calyx. C) renal pelvis. D) ureter. E) None of the answers are correct.

b

Cells found between the capillary endothelium and the glomerular epithelium that are important in regulating glomerular blood flow are the A) filtration slits. B) mesangial cells. C) podocytes. D) fenestrated cells. E) pyramidal cells.

b

Compared to the PCT, the DCT has A) more microvilli. B) a smaller lumen. C) a decrease in the number of glomeruli. D) less distinct boundaries. E) None of the answers are correct.

b

Damage to the renal medulla would interfere first with the functioning of the A) nephron loop of cortical nephrons. B) collecting ducts. C) PCT. D) DCT. E) glomerulus.

b

Each kidney ultimately receives blood from A) the descending aorta. B) renal arteries. C) the common iliac arteries. D) the internal iliac arteries. E) None of the answers are correct.

b

The gaps between the pedicles of the podocytes are called (the) A) urachus. B) square ligament. C) filtration slits. D) mesangia. E) None of the answers are correct.

c

Kidneys are often difficult to see without dissection because they are surrounded by a layer of fat. What is the significance of this fat? A) It expands for storage of additional urine once the bladder is full; it acts as a sponge. B) It provides cushioning or padding for protection from sudden jolts or other injuries. C) There is no special significance; this fat stores energy as do other fat deposits in the abdominal cavity. D) This fat cools the kidneys during active filtration. E) None of the answers are correct.

b

Tall cells of the DCT near the vascular pole are called (the) A) juxtaglomerular complex. B) macula densa. C) mesangial cells. D) juxtaglomerular cells. E) All of the answers are correct.

b

The best diagnostic test to determine whether or not a person has a kidney stone is A) an angiogram. B) a pyelogram. C) a respiratory uptake test. D) a fecal analysis. E) None of the answers are correct.

b

The glomerulus is made up of many A) arterioles. B) fenestrated capillaries. C) sinusoids. D) venules. E) arteries.

b

The kidneys are innervated by the A) ureteric nerves. B) renal nerves. C) pelvic nerves. D) celiac plexus. E) sacral nerves.

b

The main homeostatic function that occurs as a result of the work of the nephron loop is A) production of the filtrate. B) water and salt conservation. C) active and passive reabsorption. D) variable absorption and active secretion. E) None of the answers are correct.

b

The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is maintained, in part, by (the) A) diaphragm. B) overlying peritoneum. C) floating ribs. D) osmotic pressure of the fluid in the ureters. E) None of the answers are correct.

b

The primary function of the distal convoluted tubule is A) reabsorption. B) secretion. C) filtration. D) increased retention of sodium ions. E) None of the answers are correct.

b

The structure directly opposite the vascular pole of the glomerulus is the A) distal convoluted tubule. B) tubular pole. C) ureters. D) glomerulus. E) nephron loop.

b

The thick ascending limb functions to A) reabsorb water. B) secrete drugs. C) filter sodium. D) actively pumps sodium out of the tubular fluid. E) All of the answers are correct.

b

Voluntary urination involves A) contracting the external sphincter. B) relaxing the external sphincter and compressing the urinary bladder. C) relaxing the abdominal and expiratory muscles. D) decreasing abdominal pressure. E) None of the answers are correct.

b

About 85 percent of the nephrons are classified as A) juxtamedullary. B) medullary. C) cortical. D) renal. E) None of the answers are correct.

c

Age-related changes in the urinary system include A) an increase in the number of cortical nephrons, but a decrease in the number of juxtamedullary nephrons. B) an increase in the overall amount of glomerular filtration, but less efficiency at each glomerulus. C) reduced sensitivity to ADH. D) greater reabsorption of water, which is why older people have to urinate more frequently than do younger ones. E) None of the answers are correct.

c

The expanded end of the nephron is the A) glomerulus. B) PCT. C) renal corpuscle. D) DCT. E) nephron loop.

c

The filtrate that escapes from the glomerular capillaries includes which of the following? A) all of the same components as are present in plasma B) all of the same components as are present in whole blood C) a fluid similar to plasma, but without the blood proteins D) water only E) None of the answers are correct.

c

The fluid outside the renal tubule is called A) filtrate. B) plasma. C) peritubular fluid. D) lymph. E) None of the answers are correct.

c

label d

connecting tubules

label n

cortex

label l

cortical nephron

Most often, the kidney is confused with the ________ when viewed superficially. A) pancreas B) urinary bladder C) gallbladder D) spleen E) liver

d

The distal convoluted tubule of the nephron is responsible for A) active secretion of ions, acids, and other materials. B) selective reabsorption of sodium ions from the filtrate. C) adjusting osmotic concentration and balance. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

d

The mechanism whereby benign enlargement of the prostate affects urinary function in older men includes which of the following? A) It may compress the membranous urethra. B) It may compress the body of the bladder. C) It may compress the opening of the ureters into the bladder. D) It may compress the prostatic urethra. E) None of the answers are correct.

d

The parietal and visceral epithelia of the glomerular capsule are separated by (the) A) renal column. B) vascular pole. C) lobar space. D) capsular space. E) None of the answers are correct.

d

The parts of the urethra in the male, in correct order from the bladder to the exterior, are: (1) urachus (2) spongy urethra (3) dysuria (4) membranous urethra (5) prostatic urethra A) 1, 3, 5 B) 2, 4 C) 4, 2, 1 D) 5, 4, 2 E) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

d

Urine is carried to the exterior of the body by the A) circulatory system. B) lymphoids. C) ureters. D) urethra. E) urachus.

d

Urine reaches the urinary bladder by A) the force of gravity. B) suction from the empty bladder. C) differential pressure exerted on the ureters by the movements of the digestive organs. D) peristalsis. E) None of the answers are correct.

d

Which of the following is a function of the glomerular capsule? A) reabsorbing useful organic substances B) reabsorbing more than 80 percent of the water from the filtrate C) secreting waste products into the filtrate D) collecting the filtrate from the glomerulus E) All of the answers are correct.

d

label c

distal convoluted tubule

True/False: An image obtained by taking an X-ray of the kidneys after a radiopaque compound has been administered is called a urogram.

false

True/False: An inflammation of the urethral wall is called cystitis.

false

True/False: Ascending and descending limbs are parts of the proximal convoluted tubule.

false

True/False: Juxtaglomerular cells are a special cell in the distal convoluted tubule.

false

True/False: Most reabsorption takes place in the nephron loop.

false

label i

papillary duct

label b

renal corpuscle

label j

renal papilla

label g

thick ascending limb

label f

thin descending limb