Chapter 27, 28, and 29: The Reproductive System, Pregnancy/Human Development, and Heredity
Location of mitochondria
A
Midpiece
A
Primordial follicle
A
Stem cell
A
The part of the endometrium destined to be a part of the placenta
A
All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true except ________. A. FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium B. a decrease in the levels of ovarian hormones signals menstruation C. estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the cycle D. the corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation
A. FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium
What happens to a sperm as it passes through the highlighted structure? A. It becomes mobile and capable of fertilizations B. It remains immature and immobile C. It fertilizes any eggs D. It divides, producing new sperm
A. It becomes mobile and capable of fertilizations
Is genetic diversity due entirely to inherited genes on the sex chromosomes? A. No, because genetic diversity has nothing to do with the sex chromosomes but is due to crossing-over of chromosomes, independent assortment of chromosomes, and segregation of chromosomes B. Yes, because the male has a Y chromosome C. Yes, because genetic diversity is due to the Y influence on the autosomes D. Yes, because the female has two X chromosomes and the male has only one X chromosome
A. No, because genetic diversity has nothing to do with the sex chromosomes but is due to crossing-over of chromosomes, independent assortment of chromosomes, and segregation of chromosomes
The reason recessive genetic disorders are more frequent than disorders inherited as dominant is that ________. A. carriers are not eliminated by the disease before passing the defective alleles on their offspring B. people carrying dominant genetic disorders always die before birth C. dominant genetic disorders are never expressed in males D. recessive genetic disorders are limited to persons of the same ethnicity
A. carriers are not eliminated by the disease before passing the defective alleles on their offspring
Which structure is highlighted? A. cervix B. clitoris C. ovary D. vagina
A. cervix
The placenta, a vitally important metabolic organ, is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus. Which portion is from the fetus? A. chorion B. yolk sac C. amnion D. umbilicus
A. chorion
For which of the following are newborn infants not routinely screened at birth? A. color blindness B. congenital hip dysplasia C. imperforate anus D. PKU
A. color blindness
During which stage of labor is the fetus delivered? A. expulsion stage B. placental stage C. gastrula stage D. dilation stage
A. expulsion stage
Spermiogenesis involves the _____________. A. formation of a functional sperm by the stripping away of superfluous cytoplasm B. formation of four haploid cells from a spermatogonium C. movement of sperm in the female genital tract D. sequence of events in the rete testis
A. formation of a functional sperm by the stripping away of superfluous cytoplasm
Which hormone is not produced by the placenta? A. inhibin B. relaxin C. human placental lactogen D. human chorionic thyrotropin
A. inhibin
Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH? A. inhibin B. ACTH C ICSH D. GnRH
A. inhibin
Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH? A. inhibin B. ACTH C. ICSH D. GnRH
A. inhibin
Those characteristics that can be determined on superficial inspection of an individual are known as ________. A. phenotypic B. polygenic C. polyspermic D. genotypic
A. phenotypic
Which structure is highlighted? A. placenta B. endometrium C. umbilical cord D. amnion
A. placenta
Relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries. The function of this hormone is to ________. A. relax the pubic symphysis B. block the pain of childbirth C. prevent morning sickness D. ensure the implantation of the blastula
A. relax the pubic symphysis
Sperm move to the uterine tube through uterine contractions and the energy of their own flagella. What other factor is involved in sperm movement? A. reverse peristalsis of the uterus and uterine tubes B. the cilia on the apex of the cells lining the endometrium C. hormonal attraction to the ova D. the increased temperature in the vagina, which stimulates sperm motility
A. reverse peristalsis of the uterus and uterine tubes
Sperm move to the uterine tube through uterine contractions and the energy of their own flagella. What other factor is involved in sperm movement? A. reverse peristalsis of the uterus and uterine tubes B. the cilia on the apex of the cells lining the endometrium C. hormonal attraction to the ova D. the increased temperature in the vagina, which stimulates sperm motility.
A. reverse peristalsis of the uterus and uterine tubes
Which of the choices below is not a function of the vagina? A. serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte B. receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse C. serves as a passageway for menstrual flow D. serves as the birth canal
A. serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte
If gametes were diploid like somatic cells, how many chromosomes would the zygote contain? A. twice the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to double and normal development could not occur B. There is no relationship between gametes and somatic cells C. Half the diploid number with no change in development D. triple the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to triple and normal development would not occur.
A. twice the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to double and normal development could not occur
Acrosome
B
Type B spermatogonia
B
How long is the egg viable and capable of being fertilized after it is ovulated? A. 36-72 hours B. 12-24 hours C. a full week D. 24-36 hours
B. 12-24 hours
Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins? A. testosterone B. GnRH C. LH D. FSH
B. GnRH
Select the correct statement about fertilization. A. Both spermatozoa and the ovulated secondary oocyte remain viable for about 72 hours in the female reproductive tract. B. Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina's acidic environment C. Once inside the uterus, most sperm cells are protected and remain viable D. If estrogen is present, the pathway through the cervical opening is blocked from sperm entry.
B. Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina's acidic environment
Occasionally three polar bodies are found clinging to the mature ovum. One came from an unequal division of the ovum, but from where did the other two arise? A. There were originally four polar bodies and one disappeared. B. The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies. C. One is an undeveloped primary oocyte that failed to mature. D. What you really see are two polar bodies and the sperm that will fertilize the egg.
B. The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies.
Which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes? A. The isthmus is the normal site of fertilization B. The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary C. The mesometrium supports the uterine tubes along their entire length D. The ampulla is the narrow constricted region
B. The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary
Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females? A. All lumps identified in breast tissue are malignant B. The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system C. Both sexes are equally prone to breast cancer D. The only time hormones target breast tissue is during pregnancy and lactation.
B. The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system
Select the correct statement about the special fetal blood vessels. A. The hepatic portal vein forms from the umbilical artery B. The umbilical vein becomes the ligmentum teres C. The distal parts of the umbilical arteries form the superior vesical arteries D. The fossa ovalis becomes the foramen ovale.
B. The umbilical vein becomes the ligmentum teres
Which is not a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle? A. development of endometrial cells B. corpus luteum C. vesicular follicle growth D. late in this phase, cervical mucus becomes thin and crystalline
B. corpus luteum
The duct system of the male reproductive system includes all but which of the following? A. urethra B. corpus spongiosum C. ductus deferens D. epididymis
B. corpus spongiosum
Derivatives of the mesoderm include _______. A. glandular derivatives of the digestive tract B. endothelium of blood and lymph vessels C. epithelium of the digestive tract D. all nervous tissue
B. endothelium of blood and lymph vessels
Which of the following is not a germ layer? A. ectoderm B. epiderm C. mesoderm D. endoderm
B. epiderm
The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________. A. fimbriae B. fallopian tubes C. Graafian follicles D. infundibula
B. fallopian tubes
Effects of estrogen include ___________. A. increased oiliness of the skin B. growth of the breasts at puberty C. growth of the larynx D. deepening of the voice
B. growth of the breasts at puberty
The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ________. A. during spermatogenesis two more polar bodies are produced. B. in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell C. the mature ovum is n, while the sperm is 2n D. spermatogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis, but oogenesis involves meiosis only
B. in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell
Which structure of the uterine tube is highlighted? A. fimbria B. infundibulum C. isthmus D. ampulla
B. infundibulum
Which structure is highlighted? A. clitoris B. labia minora C. cervix D. labia majora
B. labia minora
The constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ________. A. cytokinesis B. meiosis C. DNA synthesis D. mitosis
B. meiosis
Which of the following is true in reference to what may pass through the placental barriers? A. nutrients and respiratory gases only B. nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and alcohol C. respiratory gases, hormones, nutrients, and blood cells D. hormones, blood cells, and nutrients
B. nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and alcohol
Hormones concerned with events of lactation include ________. A. progesterone B. oxytocin C. hCG D. estrogen
B. oxytocin
At which stage of labor is the "afterbirth" expelled? A. expulsion B. placental C. full dilation D. dystocia
B. placental
Inheritance of stature (height) in humans is probably due to ________. A. polyploidy B. polygene inheritance C. incomplete dominance D. polymorphism
B. polygene inheritance
The main way a recessive allele would be expressed even when only one copy is present would be ________. A. dominance B. sex-linked inheritance C. recessive inheritance D. incomplete dominance
B. sex-linked inheritance
Which of the choices below is not a part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis? A. hypothalamus B. thalamus C. interstitial cells D. anterior pituitary gland
B. thalamus
An example of multiple-allele inheritance is ________. A. the appearance of freckles on the skin B. the ABO blood group C. the appearance of birthmarks on the skin D. hair that seems to have several shades of a color
B. the ABO blood group
The "master switch" for male reproductive development is _______. A. inhibition of estrogen B. the SRY gene C. presence of testosterone D. lack of an X chromosome
B. the SRY gene
Shortly after implantation ________. A. the embryo gastrulates (within 3 days) B. the trophoblast forms two distinct layers C. maternal blood sinuses bathe the inner cell mass D. myometrical cells cover and seal off the blastocyst
B. the trophoblast forms two distinct layers
Shortly after implantation ________. A. the embryo gastrulates (within 3 days) B. the trophoblast forms two distinct layers C. maternal blood sinuses bathe the inner cell mass D. myometrical cells cover and seal off the blastocyst.
B. the trophoblast forms two distinct layers
Which organ is highlighted? A. ovary B. uterus C. vagina D. urinary bladder
B. uterus
The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is _____________. A. morula, zygote, blastocyst B. zygote, morula, blastocyst C. zygote, blastocyst, morula D. blastocyst, morula, zygote
B. zygote, morula, blastocyst
Mature follicle
C
Vesicular (Graafian) follicle
C
Select the correct statement about male sexual response. A. Expansion of the penile tissues results in dilation of the venous outflow B. Ejaculation is the result of parasympathetic stimulation C. Erection is the result of vascular spaces in erectile tissues filling with blood. D. Sympathetic impulses are responsible for causing penile arteriolar dilation, resulting in erection.
C. Erection is the result of vascular spaces in erectile tissues filling with blood.
Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle. A. The follicle begins to secrete progesterone in response to estrogen stimulation B. The LH surge stimulates further development of the secondary oocyte. C. High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release. D. Rising levels of estrogen start follicle development.
C. High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release.
Which of the following statements about the female reproductive process is not true? A. Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tube. B. The monthly discharge of the uterus (menses) is initiated by the decrease in secretion of female hormones. C. Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin D. Ovulation usually occurs 14 days after the beginning of menses.
C. Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin
Which of the choices below occurs if fertilization of the ovum occurs and implantation takes place? A. the corpus luteum degenerates and becomes the corpus albicans B. the ovarian cycle begins C. The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone producing functions D. Increases levels of FSH will be produced.
C. The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone producing functions
How do the testes respond to exposure to excessive body warmth? A. Excessive warmth has no effect on the testicles because of their location in the scrotum B. Excessive warmth is actually beneficial in that it speeds up the maturation of sperm. C. They move away from the pelvic cavity. D. They move close to the pelvic cavity.
C. They move away from the pelvic cavity.
A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would except that he would _____________. A. not develop secondary sex characteristics B. be impotent (unable to have an erection) C. be unable to produce viable sperm D. have impaired function of interstitial cells
C. be unable to produce viable sperm
Why is the blood-testis barrier important? A. because some blood contents are toxic to the spermatozoa B. because the barrier traps sex hormones, keeping them at a higher level than the blood. C. because the spermatozoa and developing cells produce surface antigens that are recognized as foreign by the immune system D. because immature sperm cells lose their motility when they encounter any blood component.
C. because the spermatozoa and developing cells produce surface antigens that are recognized as foreign by the immune system
Fertilization generally occurs in the ________. A. uterus B. ovary C. fallopian tubes D. vagina
C. fallopian tubes
Which structure of the uterus is highlighted? A. endometrium B. cervix C. fundus D. body
C. fundus
The decidua basalis is _________. A. not a maternal contribution to the placenta B. the tissue that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo C. located between the developing embryo and the myometrium D. destined to remain in the uterus after the birth of the infant.
C. located between the developing embryo and the myometrium
The decidua basalis is ____________. A. not a maternal contribution to the placenta B. the tissue that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo. C. located between the developing embryo and the myometrium D. destined to remain in the uterus after the birth of the infant.
C. located between the developing embryo and the myometrium
Gene mutations in the sex chromosomes of the human would tend to become visibly expressed ________. A. more frequently in females B. equally frequently in both sexes C. more frequently in males D. in neither males or females
C. more frequently in males
Which of the following events does not occur during the first 8 weeks of development? A. presence of all body systems B. beginning of ossification C. myelination of the spinal cord D. formation of a functional cardiovascular system
C. myelination of the spinal cord
The primary function of the uterus is to __________. A. synthesize female hormones B. protect the ovaries C. receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum D. regulate the ovarian and menstrual cycles
C. receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum
Which structure is highlighted? A. testis B. epididymis C. scrotum D. penis
C. scrotum
Which structure is highlighted? A. prostatic urethra B. membranous urethra C. spongy urethra D. ejaculatory duct
C. spongy urethra
Dominant alleles are so called because under most circumstances they __________. A. code for desired traits only B. code for genes that are never considered lethal C. suppress the expression of other alleles D. code for most phenotypic and genotypic expressions of a trait
C. suppress the expression of other alleles
Which of the following is not assessed as part of the Apgar score? A. respiration B. heart rate C. temperature D. muscle tone
C. temperature
Which structure is highlighted? A. scrotum B. epididymis C. testis D. spermatic cord
C. testis
Which of the following glands are responsible for 70% of the synthesis of semen? A. the prostate B. the pituitary C. the seminal vesicles D. the bulbourethral glands
C. the seminal vesicles
The most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is ____________. A. sexually transmitted infections B. a diet high in fat C. undescended testes D. smoking
C. undescended testes
Corpus luteum
D
First cells with n number of chromosomes
D
Flagellum
D
Site of early blood production, and forms part of the gut (digestive tube)
D
Given the information in Figure 29.1, what would the genotype ratio be for the offspring? A. 4:0 B. 1:1:1:1 C. 1:3 D. 1:2:1
D. 1:2:1
Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle. A. During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle begins to produce more hormone. B. During the secretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest. C. The menstrual phase of the cycle is normally from day 1 to day 8. D. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.
D. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.
Proteases and acrosin are enzymes. How do they function in reproduction? A. they neutralize the mucous secretions of the uterine mucosa B. their function is unknown C. they direct the sperm to the egg through chemical messengers D. They act to break down the protective barriers around the egg, allowing the sperm to penetrate.
D. They act to break down the protective barriers around the egg, allowing the sperm to penetrate.
The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play? A. They contract to push sperm along the ductus deferens B. They contract to allow ejaculation C. They are responsible for penile erection D. They regulate the temperature of the testes.
D. They regulate the temperature of the testes.
The result of polyspermy in humans is ________. A. interruption of meiosis B. mitotic insufficiency C. multiple births D. a nonfunctional zygote
D. a nonfunctional zygote
A premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall is called _________. A. ectopic pregnancy B. placenta cleavage C. placenta previa D. abrupto placenta
D. abrupto placenta
Normally menstruation occurs when ________. A. blood levels of FSH fall off B. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase C. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen D. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
D. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
Normally menstruation occurs when _________. A. blood levels of FSH fall off B. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase C. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen D. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
D. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
Estrogen and progesterone maintain the integrity of the uterine lining and prepare the mammary glands to secrete milk. Which of the following structures makes this possible during the first three months of pregnancy? A. the amnion B. the chorion C. corona radiata D. corpus luteum
D. corpus luteum
Which of the following is not a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth? A. foramen ovale - fossa ovalis B. ductus venosus - ligamentum venosum C. umbilical arteries - medial umbilical ligament D. ductus arteriosus - ligamentum teres
D. ductus arteriosus - ligamentum teres
Which structure is highlighted? A. chorionic villi B. endometrium C. amnion D. embryo
D. embryo
Derivatives of the endoderm include _________. A. blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissue B. synovial membranes of the joints C. organs of the urogenital system D. epithelium of the respiratory tract.
D. epithelium of the respiratory tract.
The formation of endodermal and ectodermal germ layers occurs at ________. A. blastula formation B. cleavage C. fertilization D. gastrulation
D. gastrulation
Which structures are highlighted? A. areolas B. lobules C. lobes D. lactiferous ducts
D. lactiferous ducts
Implantation of the blastocyst is the result of all of the following except _______. A. proteolytic enzymes produced by the trophoblast cells B. settling of the blastocyst onto the prepared uterine lining C. adherence of the trophoblast cells to the endometrium D. phagocytosis by the trophoblast cells
D. phagocytosis by the trophoblast cells
Implantation of the blastocyst is the result of all of the following except ________. A. proteolytic enzymes produced by the trophoblast cells B. settling of the blastocytst onto the prepared uterine lining C. adherence of the trophoblast cells to the endometrium D. phagocytosis by the trophoblast cells
D. phagocytosis by the trophoblast cells
Secretion of progesterone stimulates ________. A. proliferation of the uterine myometrium B. development of the female secondary sex characteristics C. contraction of uterine muscles D. preparation of the mammary glands for lactation
D. preparation of the mammary glands for lactation
During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle ________. A. the Graafian follicle forms B. LH reaches its highest levels C. estrogen reaches its highest levels D. progesterone levels are at their highest.
D. progesterone levels are at their highest.
Prostate cancer is ___________. A. the number-one cause of death in men B. most common in Asians C. often result of a distortion of the urethra D. sometimes a slow-growing cancer that may never represent a threat to a patient
D. sometimes a slow-growing cancer that may never represent a threat to a patient
The testicular cells that construct the blood-testis barrier are the ________. A. spermatocytes B. spermatogonia C. interstitial cells D. sustentocytes
D. sustentocytes
Which organ is highlighted? A. spermatic cord B. epididymis C. scrotum D. testis
D. testis
The dorsal surface cells of the inner cell mass form ________. A. a structure called the embryonic disc B. one of the fetal membranes C. the notochord D. the primitive streak
D. the primitive streak
The dorsal surface of cells of the inner cell mass form ________. A. a structure called the embryonic disc B. one of the fetal membranes C. the notochord D. the primitive streak
D. the primitive streak
Human egg and sperm are similar in that _________. A. they are about the same size B. they have the same degree of motility C. about the same number of each is produced per month. D. they have the same number of chromosomes
D. they have the same number of chromosomes
It is impossible for a sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg) until after _________. A. they become spermatids B. they have been stored in the uterus for several days C. the tail disappears D. they undergo capacitation
D. they undergo capacitation
It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg) until after ______. A. they become spermatids B. they have been stored in the uterus for several days C. the tail disappears D. they undergo capacitation
D. they undergo capacitation
The part of the endometrium that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo
E
