Chapter 27 Cold War
In early 1943 at a meeting in Casablanca, A. Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt agreed the Axis powers must surrender unconditionally. B. Joseph Stalin had refused to attend. C. Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to follow Stalin's strategy to defeat Germany. D. Stalin threatened to make a separate peace with Germany. E. Stalin argued against the Allies opening a second front in western Europe.
A
U.S. aid through the Marshall Plan A. was offered to the Soviet Union. B. failed to significantly revive European industrial production. C. had little impact on communist influence within nations that accepted aid. D. was opposed by many Republicans in Congress. E. grew more controversial, after a Soviet coup in Czechoslovakia in 1948.
A
In 1945, Joseph Stalin's vision of a postwar world in which great powers would control strategic areas of interest was largely shared by A. Charles de Gaulle. B. Winston Churchill. C. Franklin Roosevelt. D. Mao Zedong. E. Harry Truman
B
In 1945, President Harry Truman conceded to communist authority in A. China. B. Poland. C. Berlin. D. Hungary. E. Yugoslavia.
B
In 1948, President Harry Truman responded to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin by A. sending American paratroopers into West Berlin. B. airlifting supplies to West Berlin. C. threatening war with the Soviet Union. D. encouraging the United Nations to pass economic sanctions. E. creating a blockade of East Berlin.
B
All the following statements regarding the "zones of occupation" of Germany in 1945 are true EXCEPT that A. there were a total of four zones, each controlled by a different nation. B. the zones were to be determined by the position of troops at the end of the war. C. all of Berlin was to be placed under Soviet control. D. at an unspecified date, Germany would be reunited. E. Roosevelt preferred a reconstructed and reunited Germany.
C
At the Teheran Conference in late 1943, A. Franklin Roosevelt knew Joseph Stalin urgently needed American aid in fighting Germany. B. Winston Churchill agreed to enter the war in the Pacific as soon as Germany was defeated. C. Franklin Roosevelt urged Joseph Stalin to postpone his westward offensive. D. it was agreed that Poland should be put under Soviet control after the war. E. Franklin Roosevelt promised an Anglo-American second front within six months.
E
At the conclusion of the Yalta Conference in 1945, basic disagreements remained on A. the government of Poland. B. the unification of Germany. C. war reparations to the Soviet Union. D. both the government of Poland and the unification of Germany. E. All these answers are correct.
E
Beginning in 1947, the United States' policy of "containment" was A. the basis for its foreign policy for more than forty years. B. first applied in Poland. C. an extension of the Atlantic Charter. D. both the basis for its foreign policy for more than forty years, and an extension of the Atlantic Charter. E. None of these answers is correct.
A
In 1945, when Harry Truman became president, he A. had almost no familiarity with foreign affairs. B. believed Joseph Stalin could be trusted. C. was already drawing up plans for his "Truman Doctrine." D. looked to Great Britain to contain the Soviet Union. E. renounced the Yalta accords signed by Roosevelt.
A
In designing the structure of the new United Nations, planners called for A. each nation on the Security Council to have veto power over the others. B. a General Assembly in which select nations would have voting rights. C. the president of the UN to be selected from one of the five major powers. D. membership to be limited to one hundred nations. E. Germany and Japan to be added to the Security Council after 25 years.
A
In the last months of 1949, events in the Soviet Union and China included A. Russia's successful test of an atomic weapon. B. the collapse of Mao Zedong's government to communist forces. C. the death of Joseph Stalin. D. both the collapse of Mao Zedong's government to communist forces, and the death of Joseph Stalin. E. All these answers are correct.
A
In 1945, when the United States Senate considered the proposed United Nations, it A. initially rejected American membership. B. quickly ratified the agreement by a large majority. C. refused to vote on the charter for nearly a year. D. made major changes to its charter. E. put the question to a national referendum.
B
The 1950 National Security Council report known as NSC-68 stated A. Western allies must take the initiative in resisting communism in their region. B. the United States must resist communism anywhere it developed in the world. C. the defense of Western Europe was the key to winning the fight against communism. D. the United States must gradually increase its level of defense spending. E. that Chinese aggression against Taiwan would result in war.
B
By 1945, the Chinese government of Chiang Kai-shek had A. grown antagonistic toward the United States. B. designs on taking over conquered Japan. C. little popular support. D. drifted toward communism. E. willingly ceded authority to Mao Zedong.
C
In 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization A. was created in response to the Soviet Union's Warsaw Pact. B. called for a de-militarized zone across Western Europe. C. declared that an attack on one member nation was an attack on all. D. both was created in response to the Soviet Union's Warsaw Pact, and declared that an attack on one member nation was an attack on all. E. All these answers are correct.
C
In early 1945 at the Yalta Conference, A. Franklin Roosevelt was too ill to attend. B. Joseph Stalin withdrew a promise to enter the Pacific war. C. Winston Churchill left early in a dispute with Stalin. D. it was agreed that the Soviet Union should regain land lost in the 1904 Russo-Japanese War. E. Joseph Stalin refused to agree to Roosevelt and Churchill's plans for the United Nations.
D
President Harry Truman initially decided to "get tough" with the Soviet Union A. following the end of the war in the Pacific. B. once the United States had successfully used the atomic bomb. C. at the Potsdam Conference. D. after his first few days in office. E. after it became clear Stalin was supporting communist forces in China.
D
The United States was motivated to develop the Marshall Plan in 1947 due to A. a humanitarian concern for the European people. B. a desire to roll back communism from East Asia. C. a desire to create strong European markets for American goods. D. both a humanitarian concern for the European people, and a desire to create strong European markets for American goods. E. All these answers are correct.
D
Between the Yalta Conference and his death, President Franklin Roosevelt A. saw no evidence that Stalin would not live up to his promises at Yalta. B. concluded that diplomacy would not settle American differences with Stalin. C. began to push for major reparations to the Soviet Union in hopes that it would bring Stalin on board with the Yalta agreements. D. began to coordinate a military strike on the Soviet zone of occupation in Berlin. E. became increasingly concerned, though not without hope, that Stalin was not going to fulfill conference agreements.
E
In 1947, the Truman Doctrine A. asserted it was the obligation of the United States to support free peoples around the world. B. assumed the Soviet Union would continually attempt a global expansion of its authority. C. was initially invoked to provide aid to Greece and Turkey. D. both asserted it was the obligation of the United States to support free peoples around the world, and assumed the Soviet Union would continually attempt a global expansion of its authority. E. All these answers are correct.
E
In the years immediately following World War II, the United States policy toward Asia led A. to U.S. military intervention in China to fight communist advances there. B. President Harry Truman to place restrictions on industrial development in Japan. C. President Truman to threaten communists in China with atomic bombs. D. the United States to provide financial support to Mao Zedong for reasons of stability. E. the Truman administration to encourage the rapid economic growth of Japan.
E
The National Security Act of 1947 A. created the National Security Council. B. created the Central Intelligence Agency. C. created the Department of Defense. D. combined the functions previously performed separately by the War and Navy Departments. E. All these answers are correct.
E
The Soviet Union's 1948 blockade of West Berlin was primarily a response to the A. Marshall Plan. B. United States putting nuclear missiles in Turkey. C. establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. D. Truman Doctrine. E. creation of a unified West Germany.
E