CHapter 27 Flluids, electrolyte, acids, Reproduction, Development
Which of the following is false of electrolytes?
They are produced from water. They are held together by covalent bonds. They do not dissolve in water.
Which hormone is important in regulating the amount of potassium and sodium in the body fluids?
aldosterone
The lungs contribute to pH regulation by their effects on the:
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
When pure water is consumed, the extracellular fluid becomes:
hypotonic with respect to the ICF
Which of the body compartments has the greatest volume?
intracellular fluid
Nearly two-thirds of the total body water content is:
intracellular fluid (ICF)
In which of the following body fluids will protein buffers play a major role?
intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid including red blood cells (RBCs), and plasma
The function of the uterus in the female is to:
one functional ovum
In the adult male, the gonads are the testes. What are the gonads for the adult female?
ovaries
The proper sequence that describes the ovarian cycle involves the formation of:
primary follicles, secondary follicles, tertiary follicles, ovulation, and formation and destruction of the corpus luteum
The most frequent cause of metabolic acidosis is:
production of a large number of fixed or organic acids
The external genitalia of the male includes the:
scrotum and penis
The renal response to acidosis is limited to:
secretion of H+ and generation or reabsorption of HCO3
The accessory organs in the male that secrete into the ejaculatory ducts and the urethra are:
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
The function(s) of the prostate gland is (are):
to produce a fluid that activates the sperm
Fluid gains and losses are major factors that determine fluid balance in the ECF. Approximately 2500 mL of water is added daily to the ECF through epithelia absorption and metabolic generation. Approximately 1200 mL of water is lost from the ECF through urine. What other regular method of water loss accounts for a similarly large movement of water from the ECF?
water vapor from the skin and lungs
The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?
A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate.
Which extraembryonic membrane partially originates from tissue that is not part of the three germ layers?
Chorion
You interpreting a patient's arterial blood gas (ABG) values. The sample has a pH of 7.34 with a Pco2 of 57 mm Hg and a normal HCO3 -. What is that patient's most likely diagnosis?
Acute respiratory acidosis
Which membrane becomes an organ in the developing fetus?
Allantois
The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?
Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled.
You are interpreting a patient's arterial blood gas (ABG) values. The sample has a pH of 7.46 with a Pco2 of 33 mm of Hg and a low HCO3 -. What is the patient's most likely diagnosis?
Chronic respiratory alkalosis
The hormone that promotes spermatogenesis along the seminiferous tubules is:
FSH
After DNA replication, each individual chromosome becomes a homologous pair.
False
When the amount of water you gain each day is equal to the amount you lose to the environment you are in:
Fluid balance
The reproductive organs that produce gametes and hormones are the:
Gonads
The hormone that acts to reduce the rate of GnRH and FSH production by the anterior pituitary is:
Inhibin
The doctor noted that Dan's epididymis on the left testis was located anteromedially, near the scrotal raphe, instead of the normal posterior location. Which of the following statements is NOT a function of the epididymis?
It serves as the site of spermatogenesis.
Which of the following is true concerning the onset of labor contractions?
Labor contractions work through positive feedback to help expel the fetus.
The principal hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy is:
Progesterone
In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following?
The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions.
Which of the following is true of electrolytes?
They are ionic compounds.
After DNA replication, each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids.
True
Which of the following values is not used to diagnose an acid-base disorder from an arterial blood gas sample?
Venous blood pH
Athletes who engage in prolonged exercises that require maximum exertion may ingest too much water in an effort to counter the possibility of dehydration. Choose the correct statement regarding this sentence.
Water intoxication may result, leading to a severe dilution of the ECF.
If a person exercises for a long time, lactic acid will start to build up in his or her muscles. Which of the following would you expect to happen as the lactic acid first starts to be formed?
Weak bases in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change.
Which extraembryonic membrane is responsible for red blood cell production during early development?
Yolk Sac
Which of the following is NOT produced by meiosis?
a liver cell
An increase in the metabolism of this cell would result in which of the following?
a rise in the blood buffer capacity
Which of the following is produced by meiosis?
a sperm cell an egg, or ovum
The rupture of the follicular wall and ovulation are caused by:
a sudden surge in LH (luteinizing hormone) concentration
Which of the following is an electrolyte?
acid base salt
The function(s) of the sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells) in the male is (are):
all of the choices are correct (maintenance of the blood-testis barrier, support of spermiogenesis, secretion of inhibin and androgen-binding protein)
The reproductive function(s) of the vagina is (are):
all of the choices are correct (passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids, receives the penis during coitus, forms the lower portion of the birth canal during childbirth)
The concentration of potassium in the ECF is controlled by adjustments in the rate of active secretion:
along the distal convoluted tubular and collecting system of the nephron
The rate of tubular secretion of potassium ions changes in response to:
alterations in the potassium ion concentration in the ECF, changes in pH, aldosterone levels
It used to be common practice to administer salt pills to farm workers on hot days because of the belief that excessive sweating creates an electrolyte deficiency. Now we know that sweat is hypotonic and thus contains less solute than ECF. Which of the following is a consequence of taking a salt pill while sweating profusely?
an increase in blood volume
Under normal circumstances, during respiratory acidosis the chemoreceptors monitoring the Pco2 of the plasma and CSF will eliminate the problem by calling for:
an increase in pulmonary ventilation rates
Complete the sentence. If during dehydration the solute concentration in the ECF increases, __________.
an osmotic water shift from ICF to ECF will occur
What are the hormones secreted by the testes?
androgens
The ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus are enclosed within an extensive mesentery known as the:
broad ligament
Which of the following is not an electrolyte?
carbohydrate
The most important factor affecting the pH in body tissues is:
carbon dioxide concentration
Ovum transport in the uterine tubes presumably involves a combination of:
ciliary movement and peristaltic contractions
When the physician strokes Dan's inner left thigh, Dan's left testis does not retract toward his inguinal canal, indicating that his genitofemoral nerve was not functioning. Which structure is responsible for this reflex?
cremaster muscle
The activity that occurs in the body to maintain calcium homeostasis occurs primarily in the:
digestive tract Bone kidneys
When does the total number of chromosomes get reduced from 46 pairs to 23 individual chromosomes?
during meiosis I
During gastrulation the three germ layers are formed. Which germ layer will ultimately give rise to all of the neural system?
ectoderm
All of the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the:
extracellular fluid
What term refers to the fusion of two haploid gametes, each containing 23 chromosomes, producing a zygote that contains 46 chromosomes?
fertilization
Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces
four haploid cells.
Which of the following is a likely result of meiosis?
four sperm, each with 23 chromosomes
If the ECF is hypertonic with respect to the ICF, water will move:
from the cells into the ECF until osmotic equilibrium is restored
During prophase I of meiosis,
homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs.
Which of the following is a renal response to acidosis?
increasing secretion of hydrogen ions
A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during
interphase
Extracellular fluids in the body consist of:
interstitial fluid, blood plasma, lymph cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, serous fluids aqueous humor, perilymph, endolymph
Increasing or decreasing the rate of respiration can have a profound effect on the buffering capacity of body fluids by:
lowering or raising the PCO2
Respiratory alkalosis develops when respiratory activity:
lowers plasma Pco2 to below-normal levels
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation?
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be.
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances?
metabolic alkalosis
Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance?
metabolic alkalosis
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance?
metabolic alkalosis with no compensation
Chromosomes can exchange genetic information during a process called "crossing over." This occurs when homologous chromosomes are lined up in pairs. When does this happen?
metaphase I
A friend has acid indigestion after eating a big meal. Which of the following would act as a buffer and help ease his pain?
milk of magnesia, with a pH of 10
In the male the important function(s) of the epididymis is (are):
monitors and adjusts the composition of the tubular fluid, acts as a recycling center for damaged spermatozoa, the site of physical maturation of spermatozoa
After three days of cleavage divisions, the pre-embryo is a solid ball of blastomeres. What is the name of the pre-embryo at this stage?
morula
The exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid is determined by the relationship between the:
net hydrostatic and net colloid osmotic pressures
The three masses of erectile tissues that comprise the body of the penis are:
none of the choices is correct (two cylindrical corposa cavernosa and a slender corpus spongiosum)
What happens to pH when PCO2 increases above 45 mm Hg?
pH will fall below 7.35.
What is the most abundant anion in the intracellular fluid?
phosphate
A metabolic alkalosis can occur as a result of:
prolonged vomiting
The correct order of events during meiosis is
prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.
During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur?
prophase I.
Beginning inferior to the urinary bladder, sperm travel to the exterior through the urethral regions that include the:
prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile urethra
The given scenario can occur in a person having a panic attack. In the midst of the attack, which of the following compensatory mechanisms can help maintain pH within the normal range?
release of hydrogen ions by the buffer systems within body fluids
Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest?
renal system
A mismatch between carbon dioxide generation in peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide excretion at the lungs is a:
respiratory acid-base disorder
Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation?
respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?
respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation?
respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 and excrete H+
The principal ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF) are:
sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
In the process of spermatogenesis, the developmental sequence includes:
spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoon
In what body fluid compartment is there normally a high concentration of potassium?
the intracellular fluid (ICF)
Which class of acid will have an increased concentration in someone who is suffocating?
volatile acids