Chapter 28 12-Volt and HV Battery Technology

List the five functions of a battery.

1. Operate the starting motor, ignition system, electronic fuel injection system, and other electrical devices during engine cranking and starting. 2. Supply all the electrical power, even electric propulsion, for the vehicle whenever the engine is not running. 3. Help provide electricity to the instrumentation and all electric circuits when the vehicle is stopped and the internal combustion engine is not running. 4. Act as a capacitor or filter ( voltage stabilizer) that produces smoother dc than the alternator or motor-generator and send the filtered dc through the rest of the electrical system. 5. Store huge amounts of potential electrical energy for extended periods.

Hybrid vehicles have batteries that can produce up to ______ volts of electricity.

100-300

What are the two types of automotive batteries?

12-volt and HV batteries

The amp-hour rating is a measurement of how much current the battery can produce for _______ hours at 80 degrees Fahrenheit with battery voltage staying above _______ volts.

20, 10.5

A 12-volt battery has _______ cells, which produce an open circuit voltage of ______ volts.

6, 12.6

Battery pack voltage is as high as ________ volts.

9.2

Define HV battery pack.

A set of low-voltage battery cells wired in series.

What are separators?

A type of insulating material that has openings that allow free circulation of the electrolyte around the battery plates.

Define 12-volt battery

An electrochemical device that produces and stores electricity.

What is a battery heat shield?

An object to keep excess engine heat from damaging the battery.

Extend through the top of the battery cover.

Battery Posts

Provide a means of connecting the battery plates to the car's electrical system.

Battery Terminals

The battery ________ shows the general charge condition of the battery.

Battery charge indicator

During _____ ( charging/discharging), electrical energy is converted into chemical energy.

Charging

HV capacitor banks are ideal for supplementing ____________.

Chemical Batteries

An HV battery _______ encloses and protects the individual battery packs.

Cover

HV battery nominal operating voltage is the maximum ________ voltage available from the HV battery.

DC

_______ is a mixture of sulfuric acid and distilled water.

Electrolyte or Battery acid

True or False? The electrolyte in lithium-ion HV batteries is stable and protected against water damage.

False

An HV battery ____________ holds the battery packs together.

Frame

Battery pack _________ protect against shorts and excessive current draw from each group of cells.

Fuses

What kind of battery does not contain a liquid electrolyte?

Gel Battery

The cold cranking rating is the equivalent to the ________.

HV battery amp-hour rating

What element is needed for fuel cell propulsion?

Hydrogen

What is the main drawback to fuel cell propulsion?

Hydrogen has to be stored in high-pressure tanks, and refueling stations are not yet readily available.

How can you tell if a battery is maintenance-free?

It doesn't have any filler caps on the top instead, it has a large snap-in cover.

Describe the function of an HV battery.

It stores chemical-electrical energy for starting the internal combustion engine, for full-electric propulsion, and in some cases to provide 12-15 volts dc for the vehicle's electrical accessories and conventional electric circuits.

How does an HV battery temperature sensor protect against overheating?

It will signal the HV battery ECM to disconnect the HV power control module to prevent further overheating.

What are the latest HV batteries called?

Lithium-ion

What does a simple battery cell consist of?

Negative Plate, Positive Plate, Container, and Electrolyte.

The HV battery is normally mounted in the _______ of the chassis.

Rear

The positive battery cable is normally ________; the negative battery cable is usually ________.

Red, Black

As battery temperature drops, battery power is _____________.

Reduced

Electrical connectors with female threads that accept a bolt on the battery cable end.

Side Terminals

Battery cables connect the battery _______ to the vehicle's _________.

Terminals, Electrical System

What determines how current can be fed to the HV motor for a short period of time?

The HV battery peak power rating

What does battery cold cranking rating indicate?

The amount of current ( in amperes) the battery can deliver for 30 seconds at 0 degrees Fahrenheit, while maintaining terminal voltage of 7.2 volts. This rating indicates the battery's ability to crank a specific engine at a specified temperature.

What is reserve capacity rating?

The time to lower 12-volt battery terminal voltage below 10.2 volts ( 1.7 volts per cell) at a discharge rate of 25 amps.

What is the function of battery caps?

They keep electrolyte from splashing out of the battery.

What are battery plates?

They're made of a grid (stiff mesh framework) coated with porous lead.

Define HV capacitor banks

They're storage devices for electrical energy that do not require an electrolyte or battery acid.

True or False? Batteries can have either side terminals or top posts.

True

True or False? HV power cables can carry both high voltage dc and high voltage ac.

True

Describe how a flywheel generator works.

Uses the kinetic energy of a high-speed ac armature to store huge amounts of electrical energy.

Name a benefit for hybrids using capacitor banks.

Very light, Never wear out, and can accept or output short bursts of high power electrical energy.

HV batteries are _________ with a semi-solid electrolyte.

Wet-charged

Define the term Load.

( Current-using device) is connected to a simple battery cell, current will flow through the load.