chapter 28

Select all the functions of the large intestine.

-water absorption -ion absorption -waste elimination

Place the sections of the large intestine in order from nearest the small intestine at the top of the list to nearest the end of the digestive tract at the bottom of the list.

1. cecum 2.colon 3.rectum 4.anus

__________is the physical and chemical breakdown of food in the digestive system.

Digestion

In what process do amino acids, ions, glucose, and water enter the blood from a nephron during urine formation?

Reabsorption

True or false: Parrots have a different diet and therefore a slightly different digestive system than penguins and roadrunners.

True

The ______ of the gastric juice denatures proteins, kills microorganisms, and activates pepsin.

acidity

A(n)_________ is an organism that makes its own food molecules using inorganic materials and an energy source, such as sunlight.

autotroph

An organism that uses inorganic materials and an energy source to build organic molecules is called a(n)

autotroph.

Capillaries inside each villus of the small intestine empty into a vein that transports nutrient-laden ______ to the ______.

blood; liver

The ______ forms the entrance to the large intestine and in herbivores houses fermenting bacteria used in digestion.

cecum

The first 25 centimeters of the small intestine is called the

duodenum.

The function of bile is to

emulsify fat into small droplets to increase surface area for lipase.

After blood is filtered at the ______ of the nephron, substances are then reabsorbed from or secreted into the filtrate, and the filtrate at the end of the nephron is called ______.

entrance; urine

What part of the digestive tract connects the pharynx to the stomach?

esophagus

Complex animals obtain nutrients through ______, releasing enzymes into a digestive cavity that is connected to the environment.

extracellular digestion

A digestive system is adaptive because it allows an animal to ______.

extract nutrients from foods and liquids

Bile, which is produced in the liver, is stored in the

gallbladder.

Circulation of nutrients and digestion of food are the two functions of the ______ in animals such as jellyfish and flatworms.

gastrovascular cavity

What types of mammals have longer digestive tracts because their diets are rich in cellulose?

herbivores

Animals that eat plants are called ________. Animals that eat meat are called __________. And animals that eat both plants and meat are called __________.

herbivores; carnivores; omnivores

A larger cecum is found in ______ animals, and a smaller cecum is found in ______ animals.

herbivorous; carnivorous

An organism that must consume organic molecules to obtain carbon and energy is called a(n)

heterotroph.

Animals, fungi, and many other microbes are _____, organisms that must consume organic matter to obtain carbon and energy.

heterotrophs

Taking nutrients into food vacuoles and digesting them within the cell is referred to as ______ digestion.

intracellular

Osmoregulation is the control of ______ in cells.

ion and water concentration

An herbivore has a longer digestive tract than a carnivore because

it requires more time to break down cellulose fibers than protein.

What is the primary excretory organ for the human urinary system?

kidney

The main functions of the ______ are water absorption and waste elimination.

large intestine

Bile is produced by the _________, a large accessory digestive organ with many functions.

liver

Excretion is the elimination of

metabolic wastes produced by body cells.

Ingestion and the beginning of digestion take place in an area of the gastrointestinal tract called the ______.

mouth

The ______ are the functional units of the kidneys that process filtrate and produce urine.

nephrons

The human kidney contains over 1 million filtering tubules called

nephrons.

Substances that are used by organisms to grow and repair tissues are called

nutrients.

An incomplete digestive tract has ______ opening(s).

one

Regulating gain and loss of water and other ions in the cells and animal body is referred to as

osmoregulation.

Most of the digestive enzymes in the small intestine are produced in the

pancreas.

The enzyme ______ produced by cells of the stomach begins the digestion of ______ in the stomach.

pepsin; proteins

How does food move down the esophagus to the stomach?

peristalsis

Smooth muscles underlying the entire digestive tract undergo ______, which are rhythmic waves of contraction.

peristalsis

Completion of food digestion and the majority of nutrient absorption takes place in what long, tubular organ of the digestive system?

small intestine

Ducts from the liver and pancreas release their products into the duodenum of the

small intestine.

What animals rely solely on intracellular digestion to obtain nutrients?

sponges

Gastric juice is produced by the lining of the ________.

stomach

The muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus is called the _________, which produces gastric juice and churns food.

stomach

The muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus is called the___________ , which produces gastric juice and churns food.

stomach

The function of the gallbladder is to

store bile.

The villi and microvilli greatly increase the ______ of the small intestine, which allows for faster absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

surface area

A complete digestive tract of an animal has

two openings, the mouth and the anus.

What system filters blood, eliminates nitrogenous wastes, and helps maintain ion concentration of body fluids?

urinary

Nephrons filter the blood and produce ______ that contains wastes and excess ions for excretion.

urine

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps regulate

water reabsorption in the kidney.

Gastric juice has a low pH (very acidic). Select all of the functions of the acidity of the gastric juice.

-denatures proteins -activates pepsin -kills certain microorganisms

What takes up newly absorbed nutrients and water within villi?

capillaries

Select all of the disadvantages of an incomplete digestive system.

-It limits the potential for specialized compartments that absorb nutrients. -Digestion and elimination must occur before feeding again. -It limits the potential for specialized compartments that store food.

Select all of the functions of the small intestine.

-absorb nutrients -complete food digestion

The physical and chemical breakdown of food is called

digestion.

The ______ system is responsible for the ingestion and breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.

digestive

Select the main functions of the digestive system from the choices listed below.

-break down ingested food -eliminate undigested waste -ingest food -absorb small molecules

Select all the functions of the gastrovascular cavity.

-circulation of nutrients -digestion of food

Select all of the functions of the stomach.

-continue mechanical digestion of food -continue chemical digestion of food -receive food from the esophagus

Select the three processes that occur during urine formation in the nephrons of the kidney.

-filtration -reabsorption -secretion

Select all of the characteristics of extracellular digestion.

-food remains outside the cells until it is digested and absorbed -enzymes dismantle large food particles in a cavity -digestion takes place in a cavity rather than inside cells

Select all of the following that are produced by different cells found in the gastric pits of the stomach lining.

-hydrochloric acid -mucus -a protein that becomes pepsin

Select the four steps that animals use in processing food.

-ingestion -digestion -elimination -absorption

Select all of the following that occur in the mouth.

-mechanical breakdown of food --salivary glands secrete saliva -salivary amylase begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates

Select all of the following that are ways animals use nutrients.

-metabolism -grow -maintain tissues

Select all of the following that are components of gastric juice.

-mucus -water -enzymes -hydrochloric acid

Select all of the following that apply to peristalsis.

-stimulated by autonomic nervous system -wavelike contractions of smooth muscle -helps to churn food, along with enzymes

Select all of the functions of the liver.

-store glycogen -detoxify alcohol -synthesize blood clotting proteins -produce bile -remove bacteria and toxins from the blood

Select all of the following that are directly absorbed by the small intestine.

-vitamins -simple sugars -minerals -amino acids -cholesterol

True or false: The small intestine releases digestive enzymes that are able to act on short polysaccharides to release simple sugars for absorption.

True

Match each nutrient with its correct description of digestion.

carbohydrates- digestion beings in the mouth and is completed in the small intestine proteins- digestion beings in the stomach and is completed in the small intestine fats- emulsified by bile and digested in the small intestine nucleic acids- digested in the small intestine

Match the nutrient on the left with its end product of digestion on the right.

carbohydrates- monosaccharides proteins- amino acids fats- fatty acids and glycerol nucleic acids- nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates

The start of the large intestine consists of the pouchlike ______, to which the small, thin appendix is attached.

cecum

In what section does the large intestine absorb most of the remaining water, ions, and minerals from chyme?

colon

The mouth and anus are the openings of a(n)

complete digestive system.

A digestive tract that has only one opening is called a(n) ______ digestive tract.

incomplete

Animals with a gastrovascular cavity have a(n) ______ digestive system.

incomplete

The lining of the small intestine is composed of millions of finger-like projections called ______, which are lined with epithelial cells that have extensions of the cell membrane called ______.

villi; microvilli