Chapter 28 and 29
A peptide called a J chain is associated with A. IgA B. all of the immunoglobulins C. IgM and IgA D. IgM
C
A vaccine comprised of the nonpathogenic antigens is called a A. DNA vaccine B. toxoid vaccine C. subunit vaccine D. conjugated vaccine
C
Antigen presenting cells have which of the following proteins displayed on their cell surface? A. T cell receptors B. CD4 receptors C. MHC proteins D. IL-2 receptors
C
Antigen-presenting cells have which of the following proteins displayed on their cell surface? A. IL-2 receptors B. T-cell receptors (TCR) C. MHC proteins D. CD4 receptors
C
Leukocidins are best described as A. proteins produced by WBCs that destroy specific pathogens. B. glycoproteins produced by T cells that confer cellular immunity C. proteins produced by specific pathogens that destroy phagocytes D. phagocytes involved in both pyogenic and pyrogenic host responses
C
The antigen-binding site is formed by A. stimulation from the antigen-antibody complex B. reactions between the light chain and the antigen itself C. a cooperative interaction between the variable domains of both the light and heavy chains D. reactions between the heavy chain and the antigen itself
C
The systemic inflammatory reaction provoked by super antigens is actually due to A. an antibody-mediated hypersensitivity reaction B. antibodies that interact with self-tissues C. extensive cytokine production D. cell-mediated response that takes 24-48 hours to develop
C
Vaccination with which immunogen is generally most effective? A. dead viruses B. toxoid C. live viruses D. chemically inactivated bacteria
C
What is the function of opsonins in the complement pathway? A. stimulate inflammatory response B. activate cells of the immune system C. coat the surface of an invading cell for phagocytosis D. form pores in invading cells, killing them
C
Which complement protein binds to the surface of a bacterial cell? A. C2b B. C2a C. C3b D. C4a
C
Which complement protein must be activated in all three pathways of the complement system? A. C1 B. C2 C. C3 D. C4
C
Which of the following cells will have Class II MHC proteins? A. skin cells B. intestinal epithelial cells C. dendritic cells D. smooth muscle cells E. RBCs
C
Which of the following is a correct lineage for the origin of macrophages? A. stem cell>lymphoid precursor>monocyte>macrophage B. stem cell>lymphoid precursor>mast cell>macrophage C. stem cell>myeloid precursor>monocyte>macrophage D. stem cell>myeloid precursor>mast cell>macrophage
C
Which of the following is the most plentiful circulating antibody in the serum? A. IgA B. IgM C. IgG D. IgE
C
helper T cells express which coreceptor
CD4
cytotoxic T cells express which coreceptor
CD8
Where do blood cells come from and where do they develop?
Come from stem cells and develop in bone marrow
All but which of the following antigens can produce contact dermatitis when they bind to skin cells? A. poison ivy B. jewelry C. latex D. mycobacterial antigens
D
An anamnestic response is defined as A. the conversion of some B cells in the primary response into longer-lived memory B cells B. the decline in antibody concentration after the antigen has been destroyed C. the increase in IgG concentrations in the serum following the IgM response D. the faster, stronger response of the adaptive immune system upon seeing an antigen after a prior exposure
D
Antigen processing would involve which of the following for antigen-presenting cells? A. degradation of a whole bacterium into smaller, more presentable particles B. engulfing of a foreign bacterium C. movement of the small digested particles to the cell surface D. all of the above
D
Blood is allowed to clot and the cellular components are removed. The clear fluid the remains is called A. plasma B. gamma globulin C. fibrinogen D. serum
D
Cytotoxic T cells will recognize peptide antigens providing A. they are bound by the class II MHC molecules B. they are not bound to any MHC molecule C. they are bound to any MHC molecule D. they are bound by the class I MHC molecule
D
How are class I MHC proteins loaded with antigens? A. digested fragments are combined with cell-produced antigens prior to MHC protein loading B. digested fragments are placed directly on the cell surface C. digested fragments are loaded onto MHC proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum D. Digested fragments in one vesicle fuse to another vesicle containing MHC proteins, then are brought to the surface
D
Lectins in the complement system bind to which type of molecule? A. antibodies produced by the humoral immune system B. lipids found in bacterial membranes and viral envelopes C. proteins on the surfaces of bacteria D. carbs found on the surfaces of bacteria and viruses
D
New vaccine strategies resulting from progress in biochemistry and molecular biology include production of A. synthetic peptides B. DNA vaccines C. recombinant vector vaccines D. all of the above
D
The lymphocytes arise in the A. liver B. thymus C. spleen D. bone marrow
D
The pathogen-specific cells that direct the adaptive immune response are the A. B cells B. phagocytes C. antibodies D. T cells
D
Viral pathogens that enter the cells of a host who has been vaccinated are recognized by A. viral antigens B. memory B cells C. host cells D. memory cytotoxic T cells
D
What is the role of IL-2? A. it is produced by the antigen presenting cell to activate the helper T cell B. it displays the antigen on the antigen-presenting cell C. it determines which helper T cells become TH1 and TH2 cells D. it stimulates the activation and proliferation of helper T cells
D
What is the role of interleukin 2 (IL-2) A. it displays the antigen on the antigen-presenting cell B. it is produced by the antigen-presenting cell to activate the helper T cell C. it determines which helper T cells become TH2 and TH2 cells D. It stimulates the activation and proliferation of helper T cells
D
What would a virus-infected liver cell in the body have on its surface? A. Class II MHC with viral antigens B. Class I MHC with macrophage antigens C. Class II MHC with liver cell antigens D. Class I MHC with viral antigens E. Class II MHC with bacterial antigens
D
Which class of antibody is present in body fluids such as saliva, tears, breast milk, colostrum, and mucosal secretions? A. IgE B. IgG C. IgM D. IgA
D
Which is not a result of inflammation? A. swelling B. redness C. pain D. septic shock
D
Which of the following activate cytotoxic T cells? A. IL-2 B. gamma- interferon C. granzymes D. A and B E. all of the above
D
Which of the following are ways genes can be cloned into plants? A. electroporation B. particle gun methods C. use of Ti plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens D. all of the above
D
Which of the following is a result of the complement system? A. chemotaxis and inflammation B. opsonization C. cytolysis D. all of the above
D
Which of the following is important in the ability of a phagocyte to eliminate invading bacteria? A. respiratory burst B. production of toxic oxygen-containing compounds C. enzymatic digestion by lysosomal enzymes D. all of the above
D
Which of the following is not a role of the complement system? A. activate inflammatory response B. destroy foreign cells C. assist in phagocytosis D. destroy cancerous cells
D
Which of the following traits is true about macrophages? A. they are capable of serving as antigen-presenting cells B. they interact with lymphocytes to initiate adaptive immune responses C. they are capable of ingesting most pathogens and foreign molecules D. all of the above are true
D
Class I MHCs are found on which of the following cells? A. macrophages B. nerve cells C. dendritic cells D. A and C E. all of the above
E
Which cell can present antigens on Class II MHC proteins? A. virus-infected liver cells B. healthy liver cells C. monocytes D. macrophages E. monocytes and macrophages
E
Which components are involved in the interaction between B cells and helper T cells? A. MHC B. TCR C. CD4 D. antigen E. all of the above
E
Which of the following is one of the fates of an activated helper T cell? A. memory T cell B. TH1 cell C. TH2 cell D. B and C E. all F. none
E
Which of the following is one of the fates of an activated helper T cell? A. memory T cell B. TH1 cell C. TH2 cell D. B and C E. all of the above
E
Which of the following would you likely see on the surface of a human macrophage following phagocytosis of a bacterium? A. MHC I with macrophage antigens B. MHC II with engulfed bacterial antigens C. MHC II with macrophage antigens D. B and C E. A and B F. all of the above
E
Endotoxins are A. Lipid A B. found in G+ bacteria C. found in G- bacteria D. proteins E. A and C
E.
What are the characteristics of inflammation?
redness pain heat swelling sometimes loss of function
memory B cells generated may live for years and quickly transform into antibody secreting cells
secondary antibody response
Which antibody is produced first and which gives you long term immunity?
First: IgM Long term: IgG
What are lymph nodes?
secondary lymphoid organ, have high concentrations of lymphocytes and phagocytes
What is the difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity?
Humoral: B cells, antibodies Cell mediated: T cells, helper and cytotoxic
Which types of hypersensitivity are antibody mediated
I, II, and III
major secreting antibody, found in breast milk and saliva
IgA
antibody that circulates, we don't know what it is used for, found on the surface of B cells
IgD
antibody associated with allergies and parasite immunity, responsible for Type I hypersensitivity
IgE
antibody that is found in the serum and functions as an antibody that binds to eosinophils
IgE
second antibody to show up, associated with long term immunity, can cross placenta to provide passive immunity to fetus, found in blood
IgG
the most common antibody and provides long term immunity
IgG
What are the five classes of antibody?
IgG IgM IgA IgD IgE
first antibody to show up, produced by B cells, found in blood
IgM
How is innate immunity different from acquired or adaptive immunity?
Innate: born with it, nonspecific, intact skin, mucus, phagocytes etc. does not require previous exposure to a pathogen or its products Acquired/Adaptive: specific mechanisms of the B cells (humoral immunity) and T cells (cell mediated immunity) in response to antigens associated with pathogens, dependent on previous exposure to the pathogen or its products
a soluble cytokine or chemokine secreted by leukocytes
Interleukin (IL)
Give an example of Type III hypersensitivity
Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, blood transfusion problems
What is MAC and what does it do?
MAC: membrane attack components associated with complement system forms pore in the bacterial cell
Which class of MHC are the reason you have to type organs in order to avoid rejection?
MHC I
What is an MHC
Major histocompatibility complex; antigens or proteins found on cells, function as antigen presenting molecules
How is natural immunity different from artificial immunity?
Natural: you are either born with it or your body naturally makes the antibody in response to an infection Artificial: vaccines or antitoxins
Plasma cells vs. Memory cells
Plasma cells: activated B cells that produce antibodies, associated with primary antibody response in acquired immunity, produce IgM, short lived Memory cells: B cells associated with subsequent exposure to the same antigen, associated with secondary antibody response, long lived, produce IgG
the ability of the immune response to interact with individual antigens
specificity
What are the secondary lymph organs? (3)
spleen, MALT, and lymph nodes
Give an example of an organism that produces a super antigen and what reaction it can cause
Staph aureus, scalded skin symdome
T/F: Inflammation is a nonspecific form of immunity
T
the antigen-specific receptor protein on the surface of t lymphocytes
T cell receptor
Interact with peptide-MHC II complexes on the surface of antigen presenting cells; act through cytokines to promote immune reactions
T helper cells
How are T helper cells different from cytotoxic T cells?
T helper cells: interact with antigen presenting cells and produce cytokines to promote immune reactions, CD4 cytotoxic T cells: kill antigen presenting cells directly, lyses them, CD8
proteins capable of eliciting a strong response because they activate more T cells than a normal immune response, may produce systemic disease characterized by systemic inflammatory reactions
superantigens
Where is a class I MHC found?
surface of nucleated cells
Give an example of a toxoid vaccine
tetanus, diphtheria, anthrax
Where does the antibody bind to an antigen?
the epitope or antigenic determinant binds to the T cell receptor (TCR) on a T cell surface
What happens if inflammation fails to localize pathogen?
the reaction becomes widespread and can lead to septic shock and a systemic infection
What is the function of MHC proteins?
They reflect the composition of the proteins inside the cell, T cells do not interact with a foreign antigen unless it is presented in the context of an MHC protein In order to get an adaptive immune response, the antigens have to be processed and presented which involves these proteins
Give an example of an autoimmune disease
Type I diabetes
Happens immediately 1. Constant region of an IgE antibody binds to mast cells instead of the variable region 2. Causes mast cells to degranulate and give off histamines, serotonins, etc. causing vasodilation, redness, runny nose, etc. 3. each exposure is worse and can lead to anaphylactic shock
Type I hypersensitivity
cytotoxic Takes hours to develop and get worse with each exposure Example: penicillin hapten, first time use won't generate an allergic reaction, but subsequent times will. Bind to serum proteins and eventually cause rashes and breathing problems
Type II hypersensitivity
involves circulating immune complexes (antigen-antibody reactions) that lodge in joints and kidneys. This can cause problems in blood transfusions and block capillary beds
Type III hypersensitivity
delayed type hypersensitivity, mediated by T cells. develop over days following exposure to an antigen,
Type IV hypersensitivity
Why don't RBCs have type I MHC?
they don't have nuclei
How can Mycobacterium tuberculosis avoid phagocytosis?
able to live and grow inside the phagocyte and have my colic acid which protects them
What cells produce antibody at first?
activated B cells called plasma cells
the acquired ability to recognize and destroy an individual pathogen or its products that is dependent on previous pathogen exposure
adaptive immunity
clumping of bacteria resulting from one antibody binding to more than one bacterial cell
agglutination
a harmful immune reaction, usually caused by a foreign antigen in food, pollen, or chemicals, which results in immediate type or delayed type hypersensitivity
allergy
How are the five classes of antibody different?
an antibody is Y shaped The constant region is the bottom part of the Y, and this puts the antibodies into a class The variable region is the V part of the Y and this is determined by the antigen
a soluble protein, produced by differentiated B cells, that interacts with antigen; also called immunoglobulin
antibody
the concentration of an antibody in the serum, levels rise when antigen is present and over time levels naturally increase
antibody titer
immunity resulting from the action of antibodies
antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity)
a molecule capable of interacting with specific components of the immune system
antigen
a macrophage, dendritic cell, or B cell that presents processed antigen peptides to a T cell
antigen-presenting cell (APC)
substances that react with antibodies or TCRs, usually proteins, sometimes complex carbs
antigens
Give an example of artificial passive immunity
antitoxins or antivenoms, injection of an antiserum derived from an immune individual. The antibody in the antiserum binds to the antigen (venom or toxin) and thus blocks the antigen from binding to the host cell and causing damage
programmed cell death
apoptosis
vaccine where a mutant strain of a pathogen that has lost its virulence but still remains an immunizing antigens
attenuated vaccine
result when our bodies lose tolerance and thus make antibodies against self antigens. Occur when T and B cells are activated to produce immune reactions against self-proteins and result in host tissue damage.
autoimmune disease
What happens if you lose tolerance?
autoimmune disorder, body begins making antibodies against self antigens
immune reactions of a host against its own self antigens
autoimmunity
type of granulocyte that is associated with allergic reactions and their granules contain histamine
basophiles
Give an example of Type I hypersensitivity
bee sting, hay fever
Give an example of natural active immunity
body infected with pathogen, makes antibodies
a primary lymphoid organ containing the pleuripotent precursor cells for all blood and immune cells, including B cells
bone marrow
How is cell mediated immunity different from antibody mediated immunity? What cells are responsible for each?
cell mediated: antigen-presenting cells such as the phagocytes in innate immunity ingest, degrade and process antigens. They then present antigens to T cells that activate the adaptive immune response. antibody-mediated: Antibody on B cells binds to a pathogen. The B cell ingest, degrades and processes the pathogen. The B cell presents pathogen antigen to a helper T cell, activating it to produce cytokines that in turn influence the B cell to develop into a plasma cell which produces antibodies
immunity resulting from the action of antigen-specific T cells
cell-mediated immunity
What are cytokines? Give some examples
chemicals that cells use to talk to each other; produced by T helper cells in response to APCs to alert other cytotoxic cells and B cells to begin the immune response. Examples: histamines, prostaglandins
a series of proteins that react in a sequential manner with antibody-antigen complexes, mannose-binding lectin, or alternate activation pathway proteins to amplify or potentiate target cell destruction
complement
serum protein composed of a group of sequentially interacting proteins that bind in a cascade. have important roles in innate and adaptive immunity and cause lysis of pathogens or mark them for recognition by phagocytes
complement
a soluble immune response modulator produced by leukocytes
cytokine
Recognize antigen presented by MHC I protein on an infected cell, kill antigen bearing target cells directly
cytotoxic T cells
a type of leukocyte having phagocytic and antigen presenting properties, found in lymph nodes and spleen
dendritic cells
function in phagocytosis and antigen presentation, when they ingest antigen, they move to the lymph node to present antigen to T cells
dendritic cells
type of granulocyte that are phagocytic and increase in numbers when patient has a parasitic infection
eosinophils
Both blood and lymph caps are closed vessels, but cells pass from blood caps to lymph caps and back by a process known as
extravasation
cells that contain toxins or enzymes that are released to kill target cells. Examples are neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
granulocytes
a low molecular weight substance not inducing antibody formation itself but still able to combine with a specific antibody
hapten
not immunogens, although they are antigens; they are too small to cause an immune response but they are antigenic
haptens
What chemicals are released during inflammation? What do they do?
histamine prostaglandins leukotrienes vasodilation and cause capillaries to be leaky to allow increased release of liquid
an immune reaction causing damage to the host, caused either by antigen-antibody reactions or cellular immune processes
hypersensitivity
the capacity to respond more quickly and vigorously to second and subsequent exposures to an eliciting antigen
immune memory
the ability of an organism to resist infection
immunity
a soluble protein produced by B cells and plasma cells that interacts with antigens; also called antibody
immunoglobulins
Complement is found where
in the plasma of blood
Where are antibodies found?
in the serum
a nonspecific reaction to noxious stimuli such as toxins and pathogens, characterized by redness (erythema), swelling (edema), pain, and heat, usually localized at the site of infection
inflammation
the non inducible ability to recognize and destroy a pathogen or its products that is not dependent upon previous exposure to a pathogen or its products
innate immunity
How does Step pneumoniae avoid phagocytosis?
it has a capsule
Where does the lymphatic system empty into the circulatory system?
left subclavian vein
a substance able to destroy phagocytes
leukocidin
a nucleated cell found in the blood, white blood cell
leukocyte
Give examples of a localized and systemic infection
local: bee sting
inability to produce an immune response to a specific antigen
tolerance
vaccine where the active form of an exotoxin is modified chemically so they retain their antigenicity but are no longer toxic
toxoid
Give an example of an attenuated vaccine
tuberculosis, mumps, rubella, polio, etc.
Give an example of artificial active immunity
vaccination, exposure of a controlled dose of a harmless antigen to induce formation of antibodies
How do vaccines work?
vaccines are just antigens that generate an immune response, creates artificial active immunity
What is an immune deficiency? Give an example
when an individual is immunocompromised due to genetic defects or infection with HIV Ex: AIDS
What is MALT and what is its function?
lymphatic tissue; mucosa associated lymphoid tissue contains lymphocytes and phagocytes, interacts with antigens and microorganisms from gut, respiratory tract and other mucous membranes
a leukocyte active in the adaptive immune response
lymphocyte
How are natural killer cells different from other leukocytes?
- nonspecific - do not require an antigen - no prior exposure to foreign cells required - not enhanced and do not exhibit memory with target cells - have a specific number and this number doesn't increase
a large leukocyte found in tissues that has phagocytic and antigen-presenting capabilities
macrophage
Which types of leukocytes are phagocytic?
macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils
a genetic complex responsible for encoding several cell surface proteins important in antigen presentation
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
a genetic region with genes that encode several proteins important for antigen presentation and other host defense functions
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Describe the inflammation process
1. Damaged cells secrete histamines, prostaglandins and leukotrienes that cause vasodilation and leaky capillaries 2. Neutrophils attracted to infection site by interleukins secreted by leukocytes 3. Margination: phagocytes stick to walls of blood vessels 4. Emigration: squeeze through gaps in cells 5. Neutrophils release chemokines to recruit macrophages by guiding them alone a chemokine gradient to commence phagocytosis 6. Phagocytes die, forming pus and blood clots to seal off site of injury 7. increase delivery of nutrients and oxygen from vasodilation aids in tissue repair
Phagocytes sticking to the walls of blood vessels is a condition known as
margination
Explain phagocytosis
1. Phagocytes use pattern recognition receptors (PRR) called Toll Like Receptors (TLR), which are membrane-bound phagocytic proteins that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) 2. The interaction of TLR/PRR and PAMPS activates certain genes in phagocytes and enhances their phagocytic/pathogen-killing abilities 3. Phagocytic cells engulf the pathogen and forms a phagolysosome vesicle, which releases toxic chemicals to destroy the pathogen (phagocytes use toxic oxygen to oxidize key cellular constituents of a pathogen)
Secondary immune response
1. Reexposure to an antigen 2. Memory B cells do not need T cell activation, quickly transform into plasma cells and produce antibody, mostly IgG 3. second and each subsequent antigen exposure causes titer to rapidly increase 4. much quicker reaction than primary, booster shots cause this type of reaction
Primary Immune Response
1. antigen exposure for the first time 2. phagocytes break up antigen and present antigen on their surface 3. T helper cells send out cytokines in response to antigen 4. B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells 5. Plasma cells are short lived and secrete mainly IgM, a nonspecific antibody 6. There is a latent period before specific antibody appears in the blood, followed by a gradual increase in antibody titer and then a slow decrease in the primary response
What happens when cytotoxic T cells come in contact with cells displaying surface foreign antigens?
1. contact must occur 2. upon contact, granules in T cell migrate to contact site 3. Degranulation occurs and causes pores in target cell membrane (perforin) 4. Granzymes from the granules cause apoptosis
3 functions of inflammation
1. destroy pathogen 2. limit effects of pathogen 3. repair or replace damaged tissue
What are the three main characteristics of the adaptive immune response?
1. specific (directed against a specific antigen) 2. has memory (remembers the antigen upon subsequent exposure and thus reacts faster) 3. tolerance (it can tell the difference between self and foreign antigens)
Put the following events in order: 1. formation of pus 2. release of prostaglandins 3. vasodilation 4. diapedesis 5. tissue repair
2, 3, 4, 1, 5
Put the following in order: 1. Cytotoxic T cell matures 2. Infected cell recognized at the MHC 3. Granzymes and performs released 4. Helper T cell activates cytotoxic T cell 5. Apoptosis of infected cell takes place
2, 4, 1, 3, 5
Put the following in order: 1. Helper T cell proliferation 2. Activation of NK cells 3. IL-1 produced 4. IL-2 and IL-2 receptors produced 5. Differentiation into TH2 cells
3, 4, 1, 5, 2
How are virus infected cell and antigen presenting cell presentation similar? A. Antigens are displayed on the surface of the cell B. both involve phagocytosis C. both cells are infected with a pathogen D. both cells digest engulfed bacteria for antigen processing
A
How do cells of the immune system detect internal proteins without entering the cell? A. the proteins are processed and displayed on the cell surface of MHC proteins B. the proteins are secreted directly from the cell to the immune cell C. the immune cells take peptides 8-10 amino acids long directly from the cytosol of the cell D. the proteins are processed and splayed on the cell surface by the endoplasmic reticulum
A
How does the immune system recognize that a cell is infected with a virus? A. it compares the antigens displayed on MHC I and looks for unrecognized viral antigens B. detects viral antigens on the surface of antigen-presenting cells C. detects viral encoded proteins in the cytoplasm of the infected cell D. compares the antigens displayed on Class II MHC and looks for unrecognized viral antigens
A
Immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions are commonly called A. allergies B. contact dermatitis C. diabetes mellitus D. immune complex disorders
A
Localized, mild type I hypersensitvity reactions can be treated with A. antihistamines B. allergy shots C. steroids D. epinephrine
A
The immune response that is directed at discrete molecules on pathogens is termed the A. adaptive response B. phagocyte response C. innate response D. passive response
A
The life threatening reaction that may develop during a type I hypersensitivity reaction is called A. anaphylaxis B. cross-reactivity C. septic shock D. toxic shock
A
The specificity of the immune response is dependent on A. lymphocytes B. PMNs C. erythrocytes D. monocytes
A
What is the function of T-dependent antigens? A. to enhance the activation of B cells with the T-independent antigens B. to produce the B-cell receptor on the B cells C. to produce memory B cells
A
What is the function of the CD8 receptor? A. recognizes the MHC molecules of infected cells B. produces granzymes and perforin C. recognizes antigen presented on an MHC molecule of infected cells D. produces IL-2 and gamma-interferon E. recognizes the TCR on cytotoxic T cells
A
Where are the protein components of the complement system located? A. bloodstream (serum) B. bone marrow C. thymus D. spleen E. in all cells of the body
A
Where does the loading of Class I MHC proteins occur? A. endoplasmic reticulum B. cytoplasmic membrane C. phagosome D. directly in the cytosol E. the nucleus
A
Which is an autoimmune disease? A. systemic lupus erythematosis B. agammaglobulinemia C. lactose intolerance D. AIDS
A
Which is an example of generation of artificial active immunity? A. when a person receives his/her yearly influenza vaccine B. when a person receives tetanus antiserum after stepping on a rusty nail C. when a person acquires chickenpox D. when a fetus is protected from disease by its mother's antibodies
A
Which is the major secretory antibody? A. IgA B. IgE C. IgG D. IgM
A
Which of the complement pathways employs antibodies? A. classical B. alternative C. lectin D. all of the above
A
Which of the following are effective immunogens? A. proteins B. nucleic acids C. lipids D. simple polysaccharides
A
Which of the following is an example of delayed-type hypersensitivity? A. tuberculin test B. penicillin allergy C. insect sting allergy D. hay fever
A
Which of the following occurs after initial exposure to a novel antigen? A. a lag period where no antibodies against the antigen are present in the serum B. antibodies against the antigen immediately bind to the antigen C. an immediate spike in the amount of antibodies against the antigen D. a decline in the antibodies against the antigen
A
What cells remember antigens?
memory B cells
long-lived cells responsive to an individual antigen
memory B cells
Give an example of natural passive immunity
mom gives baby antibodies through breast milk and placenta
circulating WBCs that contain many lysosomes and can differentiate into macrophages
monocytes
precursors of macrophages, large cells found in tissues such as lymph nodes and spleen
monocytes
a specialized lymphocyte that recognizes and destroys foreign cells or infected host cells in a nonspecific manner
natural killer cell
Destroys cancer cells and cell infected with intracellular pathogens, uses granzymes and perforin, kill in the absence of a specific protein/antigen.
natural killer cells
How is active immunity different from passive immunity?
Active: refers to when body makes antibody, exposure to an antigen, immunity achieved by injecting antigen or through infection, specific response made by individual achieving immunity, immune system activated by antigen, immune memory in effect, long term, stimulation of memory cells, immune state develops over a period of weeks Passive: refers to antibody, no exposure to antigen, immunity achieved by injecting antibodies or antigen-reactive T cells, specific immune response made by the donor of antibodies or T cells, no immune system activation, no immune memory, short term, immunity develops immediately
a type of leukocyte exhibiting phagocytic properties, a granular cytoplasm (granulocyte), and a multilobed nucleus
neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte or PMN)
a type of leukocyte exhibiting phagocytic properties, a granular cytoplasm (granulocyte), and a multilobed nucleus
neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte, PMN)
actively mobile granulocytes, phagocytic
neutrophils
Give an example of Type IV hypersensitivity
nickel allergies, poison ivy, contact dermatitis, tuberculin test
bacterium that grows in plants and causes tumors or Crown Gall disease, also has a plasmid that moves from the bacterium into the plant
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
enhancement of phagocytosis by antibody or complement binding
opsonization
promotion of phagocytosis by a specific antibody in combination with complement
opsonization
Give an example of a hapten
penicillin
Give an example of Type II hypersensitivity
penicillin, drug reactions, juvenile diabetes
a cell that recognizes, ingests and degrades pathogens and pathogen products
phagocyte
a mechanism for ingesting particulate food in which a portion of the cytoplasmic membrane surrounds the particle and brings it into the cell
phagocytosis
the liquid portion of the blood with cells removed and clotting proteins inactivated
plasma
a differentiated B cell that produces large amounts of antibodies
plasma cell
antigen-stimulated B cells multiply and differentiate to form antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells
primary antibody response
How can Staph. aureus and Strep pyogenes avoid phagocytosis?
production of leukocidins, which kill the phagocytes
cells that engulf, process, and present antibodies to lymphocytes, phagocytic cells. Examples are monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
What is an antigen and an antibody? How are they similar and different?
Antigen: protein from a pathogen that causes an immune response Antibody: soluble proteins made by B cells in response to exposure to non self antigens, displayed on B cell surface to directly interact with antigens Similar: both proteins
the portion of an anigen that reacts with a specific antibody or T cell receptor
Antigenic determinant (epitope)
What is an antitoxin and how does it work?
Artificial passive immunity The antibody in the antitoxin binds to the toxin and blocks it from binding to the host cell and causing damage
Activated cytotoxic T cells are capable of maturing into A. helper T cells B. memory T cells C. apoptotic cells D. A and B E. all
B
Activated cytotoxic T cells are capable of maturing into A. helper T cells B. memory T cells C. apoptotic cells D. A and B E. all of the above
B
Antibody-mediated immunity is effective against all but which of the following? A. bacteria in the lymphatic system B. pathogen-infected cells C. viruses in the bloodstream D. bacterial toxins
B
Clonal selection is A. the production of antibodies by plasma cells B. the process by which B cells produce multitudes of B cells with the same antigen specificity C. the binding of the T-independent antigen to the B-cell receptor D. the secretion of cytokines by the helper T cell to activate B cells
B
Edema is A. a chemical that is released by damaged cells B. swelling that results from the inflammation process C. the result of dead phagocytes D. the movement of phagocytes to the injured area
B
How do immune system cells identify virus infected cells? A. change in cell morphology B. presentation of viral antigens by infected cell C. presentation of viral antigens on non infected antigen presenting cells D. presence of viral nucleic acid in the nucleus
B
How do perforin and granzyme work to kill infected cells? A. granzymes form pores in cell membrane, while performs trigger apoptosis B. perforins form pores in cell membrane, while granzymes trigger apoptosis C. perforins form pores in cell membrane, while granzymes degrade the host proteins D. perforins form pores in cell membrane, while granzymes activated helper T cells E. granzymes form pores in the cell membrane, while performs activate helper T cells
B
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are also known as A. eosinophils B. neutrophils C. monocytes D. basophils
B
Secondary immune response depends on A. the initial production of antibody upon the first exposure to the antigen B. activation of a memory B cell from the same antigen C. production of IgG after IgM D. the stimulation of memory B by a new and novel antigen
B
Specific antibodies are secreted by A. macrophages B. plasma cells C. T helper cells D. stem cells
B
T cells interact with the peptide-MHC complex using A. cytokines B. T cell receptors C. perforin and granzyme D. the antibodies present on the surface of the cell
B
TH2 cells stimulate which of the following cells? A. macrophages B. B cells C. NK cells D. cytotoxic T cells E. all of the above
B
TH2 cells stimulate which of the following cells? A. macrophages B. B cells C. NK cells D. cytotoxic T cells E. all of the above F. none of the above
B
The antibody involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions is A. IgM B. IgE C. IgA D. IgG
B
The first inflammatory cell to arrive at the scene of an infection or tissue damage is the A. lymphocyte B. neutrophil C. NK cell D. red blood cell
B
What is the ultimate function of the complement cascade? A. activates inflammatory response B. destroys a pathogen C. forms the membrane attack complex (MAC) D. recruits immune cells to the area of infection E. assists in phagocytosis
B
What type of cells do antigen-presenting cells seek out? A. viruses B. foreign cells in the body C. virus-infected cells D. phagocytes
B
Which host cells express MHC II proteins? A. splenocytes B. antigen-presenting cells C. eosinophils D. T cells
B
Which is the first antibody made in a typical immune response to a bacterial infection? A. IgA B. IgM C. IgE D. IgG
B
a lymphocyte that has immunoglobulin surface receptors, differentiates to a plasma cell, produces immunoglobulin, and may present antigens to T cells
B cell
B cells vs. T cells
B cells: mature in bone marrow, make antibodies, responsible for humoral immunity, memory cells T cells: mature in thymus, helper and cytotoxic, responsible for cell mediated immunity
Where is a class II MHC found
B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
bacterium that makes a toxin that will kill insects
Bacillus thurigenesis
How is blood different from lymph?
Blood: has RBCs, pumped through body via heart, composed of plasma and cells Lymph: no RBCs, no pump, moved through body via muscle movement, contains phagocytes and lymphocytes
What are the primary lymphoid organs and their function?
Bone marrow: all WBCs originate here from stem cells, B cells mature here and make antibodies Thymus: T cells mature here
Why are booster shots important?
Boosters cause a secondary response, creating a higher antibody titer and long term immunity from the circulation of IgG
