Chapter 28 Assisting with Respiratory and Oxygen Delivery
Through the act of breathing, we take in air that contains about 21% oxygen.
The act of breathing, what is the percentage of oxygen in the air we breath?
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathologic process, or be introduced deliberately:
Collapse the lungs and cause shortness of breath.
A sudden rush of air into the chest cavity is likely to:
Tracheotomy
A surgical incision into the trachea to aerate the lungs is:
Heimlich maneuver
Abdominal thrusts used to clear foreign objects
Tenacious
Adhesive, sticky thick secretions.
Dysrhythmia
An abnormal cardiac rhythm.
Cyanosis
Blue tinge to skin or mucous membrane
Atelectasis
Collapsed or airless part of the lung; collapse of alveoli.
Dyspnea
Difficult and labored breathing is called?
Tachypnea
Fast breathing rate
A sensor or probe is attached to the patient on an appendage through which infrared and red light can reach the capillary vascular bed. Oxyhemoglobin absorbs more infrared than red light.
How does pulse oximeter work?
It is most accurate when there is no direct sunlight or fluorescent light on the patient. The normal SpO2 is greater than 90%. The sensor should be placed on a site that is free of moisture and has good local circulation.
How does the pulse oximeter work?
The oximeter sensor contains both red and infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and a photodetector. The photodetector registers light passing through the vascular bed, and the microprocessor determines oxygen saturation from the data received.
How does the pulse oximeter work?
The tongue
In the unconscious person the most common cause of airway obstruction is?
Respiration
Inspiration and expiration are phases of which of the following processes?
Oxygen
It is especially dangerous to cause a spark in a room where which of the following gases is use?
Retractions
Muscles moving inward on inspiration
Accumulated secretions
Nasopharyngeal suctioning is designed to remove what from the upper respiratory tract?
Upper airway
Nose, mouth, pharynx, and trachea make-up what part of the Respiratory track?
oxygen toxicity
Oxygen concentrations above 60% rarely used because of the danger of?
Hypoxemia
The decreased amount of oxygen in the bloodstream resulting from respiratory insufficiency is called?
Hypoxia
State of insufficient oxygen in the blood.
Oxygen
The function of the respiratory system is to supply which of the following to the bloodstream?
Hypercapnia
The increased level of carbon dioxide in the blood is called?
90%
The normal SpO2 is greater than?
Nose, mouth, pharynx, and trachea
The primary organs of the respiratory system are the
It depresses body functions and disturbs the body's acid-base balance. Less oxygen in the bloodstream leads to respiratory acidosis. Blood gases are a valuable tool for determining the degree and possible cause of hypoxia.
What are the affects hypoxia on the body?
Breathing
The purpose of a tracheostomy is to remove obstruction and ease:
Pulse oximeter
Used to monitor any patient at risk for hypoxia, also measures changes in serum oxygen continuously
Airway cilia experience some degree of impairment, decreasing their efficiency in removing mucus and foreign material.
What Changes Occur with Aging that Affect Respiration?
Oxygen saturation decreases, with partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) dropping to 75 to 80 mm Hg from the usual 80 to 100 mm Hg.
What Changes Occur with Aging that Affect Respiration?
There is a loss of elastic recoil during expiration, and respiratory muscles must be used to complete expiration.
What Changes Occur with Aging that Affect Respiration?
Tissue changes cause thickening of the alveolar membrane, decreasing the ease of gas diffusion across the membrane.
What Changes Occur with Aging that Affect Respiration?
Total body water decreases 50% after age 70, leading to dry respiratory membranes and thicker mucus.
What Changes Occur with Aging that Affect Respiration?
•After age 70 there is decreased elasticity of the thorax and respiratory tissues.
What Changes Occur with Aging that Affect Respiration?
Oxygen is considered a drug and should be administered following the prescribed physician order, noting flow rates, frequency, and route. Position the patient in the semi-Fowler position if possible.
What are two nursing actions you could take if your patient, who has had trauma to the ribs and a leg fracture, develops a PaO2 of 86%?
Sensor misplacement, cyanosis, cold fingertips, reduced peripheral pulses, ambient light, and anemia are other factors that may cause inaccurate readings.
What causes inaccurate readings on the pulse oximeter?
Central nervous system
What controls rate and depth of respiration?
Set between 80 and 120 mm Hg
What is the normal suction pressure?
Public bystanders are to give 30 chest compressions for every two rescue breaths if trained in CPR; if not trained in CPR, they are to give compression-only CPR.
What is the proper CPR technique?
Chemoreceptors
What organ located in the aorta and carotid arteries sense changes in oxygen or carbon dioxide and send signals to the brainstem?
The upper airways
Where does humidification takes place?
Obstruction
Which of the following problems with the airway is a common cause of respiratory insufficiency?
Common airway obstructions
choking; obstruction by the tongue, foreign bodies, or food
Stridor
high pitched, harsh, or musical sounds on inspiration
Orthopneic position
sit at the side of the bed or in a chair, hunch the upper body over, and rest their arms on two or three pillows placed on a table or nightstand in front of them.