Chapter 28 Reproductive System
Ovarian follicles
Consist of oocyte surrounded by follicle cells support the oocyte found in cortex six ovarian follicle types at different stages of development
Menstrual phase
Day 1-5 of cycle Sloughing of functional layer
Secretory phase
Day 15-28 of cycle Increased progesterone secretion from corpus luteum Results in increased vascularization and uterine gland development
Proliferative phase
Day 6-14 of cycle Development of new functional layer of endometrium Overlaps time of follicle growth and ovary estrogen secretion
Follicular phase
Days 1-13 Inhibin released few primary follicles maturing into secondary follicles volume of fluid increasing within follicle antrum oocyte forced to one side of follicle
5. Corpus luteum
Endocrine organ that secretes progesterone and estrogen
WHere do sperm mature and become mobile
Epididymis
Mons pubis
Expanse of skin and subcutaneous tissue, covered in pubic hair
What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle, and what main events occur in each phase?
Follicular phase: Maturation of the vesicular follicle and development of secondary oocyte. Ovulation: Release of secondary oocyte from vesicular follicle. Luteal phase: Development of corpus luteum from ruptured follicle and hormone release from luteum.
What hormones begin to be secreted at puberty, and what are their general functions?
GnRH, triggering FSH and LH. They signal the gonads to produce significant levels of sex hormones that start the processes of gamete and sexual maturation.
Anaphase I
Homologous pairs of chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of cell
Clitoris
Homologous to penis
Hormones initiating puberty
Hypothalamus beginning to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Stimulates anterior pituitary to release two hormones follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH)
Puberty
Hypothalamus release of GnRH stimulates release of FSH and LH
What are the four contiguous segments of the uterine tubes from the lateral margin?
Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine part
Metaphase I
Lining up of homologous pairs of tetrad on cell midline Spindle fibers formed by microtubules
Oogenesis
Maturation of a primary oocyte to secondary oogenesis
Regulation of ovarian cycle in depth
1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRh 2. FSH and LH target ovaries and stimulate follicular development. 3. Maturing ovarian follicles secrete inhibin and estrogen. have negative feedback effect on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary 4. Estrogen assists with development of vesicular ovarian follicle. 5. Vesicular follicle produces a larger threshold amount of estrogen. have positive feedback effect on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary 6. Feedback loop results in an LH surge from anterior pituitary. 7. Corpus luteum forms from the ovulated follicle. induced by LH 8. Corpus luteum secretes large amounts of estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin. inhibits hypothalamus and anterior pituitary builds uterine lining degenerates in 10 to 13 days (if not fertilized)
3 phases of ocarian cycle
1. follicular 2. ovulation 3. luteal
Haploid cells
23 chromosomes gametes from either sex ensure offspring do not receive 4n total chromosomes
3. Secondary follicle
ALWAYS have fluid filled space antrum -secondary oocyte
External reproductive organs of women
Accessory organs
How do mitosis and meiosis differ?
Mitosis: somatic cell division producing two identical diploid daughter cells. No crossing over. Meiosis: type of sex cell division producing four nonidentical haploid daughter cells. Has crossing over.
What are three tunics of the uterus from outer to inner?
Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium (functional layer sloughs off every month leaving the basal layer)
Prolactin
Produced in anterior pituitary milk production
Telophase I and Cytokinesis
Reformation of nuclear envelopes Formation of cleavage furrow cell divides (cytokinesis) to produce two new cells Daughter cells with 23 chromosomes with two sister chromatids each
Telophase II and Cytokinesis
Reformation of nuclear membrane Formation of cleavage furrow Division of cytoplasm Produces four haploid daughter cells 22 autosomes 1 sex chromosome (X or Y)
Isthmus
Region of tube extending edialy from ampulla
Prophase II
Resembles prophase I Breaking of nuclear envelope Chromosomes collecting together
Anaphase II
Sister chromatids pulled apart Single-stranded chromosomes separated to opposite poles of the cell
Mitosis
Somatic cell division Produces two daughter cells genetically identical to parent Diploid daughter cells No crossing over
Metaphase II
Spindle fibers extending from centrioles to centromeres Replicated chromosomes (of sister chromatids) aligned to form line along cell midline
Meiosis II
Two daughter cells each with 23 replicated chromosomes consist of two connected sister chromatids Chromatid separation during meiosis II become single chromosomes in haploid cells
Meiosis
Type of sex cell division Four daughter cells genetically different from parent Haploid daughter cells Includes crossing over genetic material exchanged between homologous chromosomes get genes from both parents on one chromosome
Sex chromosomes
XX female XY male
Ovarian ligament
anchors ovary to posterior aspect of broad ligament superior portion of round ligament of the uterus
Suspensory ligament
attaches to lateral edge of each ovary ovarian blood vessels and nerves housed here
Male urogenital triangle
base of penis and scrotum
corpus luteum regression
causes uterine lining to be shed process termed menstruation shed lining- menses end of luteal phase
uterosacral ligaments
connect inferior uterus posteriorly to sacrum
Diploid cell
contains 23 pairs of chromosomes has 2 n chromosomes (unpaired chromosome number)
Decreased temperature
contraction of dartos and cremaster muscles testes and scrotum pulled closer to body helps conserve heat
Ovulation
day 14 release secondary oocyte from vesicular follcle
luteal phase
day 15-28
Medulla
deep to cortex areolar connective tissue contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves
Tunica albuginea
deep to germinal epithelium dense CT capsule
If fertilization does not occur
degeneration of corpus luteum dramatic drop of progesterone without progesterone, sloughing of functional layer
Mesovarium
double fold of peritoneum attaches to each ovary at hilum anterior ovary surface where blood vessels, nerves enter
Broad ligament
drape of peritoneum hanging over uterus attached to ovary via mesovarium
Round ligament
extend from lateral uterus and traverse inguinal canal attach to labia majora
uterine part of tube
extends medially from isthmus penetrates wall of uterus
Ampulla
fertilization typically here
mass is what
follicle
Mucous plug at external os
formed by mucin-secreting glands prevents pathogens from invading uterus from vagina thins around ovulation for easier sperm penetration
1. Primordial follicle
found in periphery most primitive type of ovarian follicle primary oocyte and single flattened layer of follicle cells primary oocyte arrested in first meiotic prophase
Infundibulum
free, funnel-shaped, lateral margin of tube numerous fingerlike folds, fimbriae enclose ovary only at time of ovulation
Process of forming human sex cells
gametogenesis
When oocyte is ejected out
goes to fimbria to uterine tubes, if it is fertilized and makes its way to uterus for fetal development, if not it is jected out
Labia majora
homologous to scrotum in male
Most of follicles that contain oocytes are where
in the cortex
external os
inferior opening of cervix into vagina
Inhibidin
inhibits FSH production prevents excessive follicle development
Lactiferous ducts
larger channels of merged ducts, draining single lobe, expands to form lactiferous sinus where milk is sotred
cervical canal
narrow channel within cervix connects to vagina
Vagina cell type
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Egg is what
oocyte
Primary female reproductive organs
ovaries
Lactation
positive feedback loop
Follicular phase
primary oocyte in vesicular follicle- finished meiosis I, formation of 2 cells -one polar body -receives minimal cytoplasm and regresses -other cell derived from primary oocyte becomes secondary oocyte
oxytocin
produced by hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary milk ejection
What is in breast milk
proteins, fats, lactose sugar for infant sugar
Elevated temperature
relaxation of dartos muscle allows testes to move inferiorly away from body cremaster relax to allow testes to move inferiorly
Transverse cervical ligaments
run from sides of cervix and superior vagina laterally to pelvic wall
Greater vestibular glands
secrete mucin, forming mucous acting as lubricant
Sperm are produced where
seminiferous tubules
Wall of uterine tbe cell type
simple ciiated columnar epithelium
Germinal Epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelial layer surrounding ovary
Internal os
superior opening of cervical canal
corpus luteum
temporary endocrine gland secretes progesterone and estrogen
Female urogenital triangle
urethral and vaginal orifices
Accessory reproductive reproductive organs
uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, mammary glands
Meiosis I
-results in 2 cells, each with 23 chromosomes only of duplicated sister chromatids
5. COrpus albicans
-scar formed from regressed corpus luteum
After menopause
-stop having cycles for 1 year -progesterone and estrogen no long secreted so oocytes no longer are released
Large Vesicular Follicle (Graffian Follicle)
-ejected into peritoneum cavity formed from secondary follicle contains secondary oocyte has completed meiosis I arrested in second meiotic metaphase with zona pellucida and corona radiata numerous granulosa cells, fluid-filled antrum one formed per month
Autosomes
-genes coding for cellular function -22 pairs
Interphase
-not a phase of mitosis or meiosis -cell hase prior to meiosis -DNA on each cell replicated -cells living their lives
Prophase I
-pairing of homologous replicated chromosomes -grossing over
2. Primary follicle
-primary oocyte with layers of cuboidal follicular cells- granulosa cell -secretes estrogen
Gametes
-produced by males and females -females producing and releasing signal monthly: oocyte -male producing large number of gametes: sperm
Parts of male urethra
-prostatic -membranous -...