Chapter 28 Reproductive System

Ovarian follicles

Consist of oocyte surrounded by follicle cells support the oocyte found in cortex six ovarian follicle types at different stages of development

Menstrual phase

Day 1-5 of cycle Sloughing of functional layer

Secretory phase

Day 15-28 of cycle Increased progesterone secretion from corpus luteum Results in increased vascularization and uterine gland development

Proliferative phase

Day 6-14 of cycle Development of new functional layer of endometrium Overlaps time of follicle growth and ovary estrogen secretion

Follicular phase

Days 1-13 Inhibin released few primary follicles maturing into secondary follicles volume of fluid increasing within follicle antrum oocyte forced to one side of follicle

5. Corpus luteum

Endocrine organ that secretes progesterone and estrogen

WHere do sperm mature and become mobile

Epididymis

Mons pubis

Expanse of skin and subcutaneous tissue, covered in pubic hair

What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle, and what main events occur in each phase?

Follicular phase: Maturation of the vesicular follicle and development of secondary oocyte. Ovulation: Release of secondary oocyte from vesicular follicle. Luteal phase: Development of corpus luteum from ruptured follicle and hormone release from luteum.

What hormones begin to be secreted at puberty, and what are their general functions?

GnRH, triggering FSH and LH. They signal the gonads to produce significant levels of sex hormones that start the processes of gamete and sexual maturation.

Anaphase I

Homologous pairs of chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of cell

Clitoris

Homologous to penis

Hormones initiating puberty

Hypothalamus beginning to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Stimulates anterior pituitary to release two hormones follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH)

Puberty

Hypothalamus release of GnRH stimulates release of FSH and LH

What are the four contiguous segments of the uterine tubes from the lateral margin?

Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine part

Metaphase I

Lining up of homologous pairs of tetrad on cell midline Spindle fibers formed by microtubules

Oogenesis

Maturation of a primary oocyte to secondary oogenesis

Regulation of ovarian cycle in depth

1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRh 2. FSH and LH target ovaries and stimulate follicular development. 3. Maturing ovarian follicles secrete inhibin and estrogen. have negative feedback effect on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary 4. Estrogen assists with development of vesicular ovarian follicle. 5. Vesicular follicle produces a larger threshold amount of estrogen. have positive feedback effect on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary 6. Feedback loop results in an LH surge from anterior pituitary. 7. Corpus luteum forms from the ovulated follicle. induced by LH 8. Corpus luteum secretes large amounts of estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin. inhibits hypothalamus and anterior pituitary builds uterine lining degenerates in 10 to 13 days (if not fertilized)

3 phases of ocarian cycle

1. follicular 2. ovulation 3. luteal

Haploid cells

23 chromosomes gametes from either sex ensure offspring do not receive 4n total chromosomes

3. Secondary follicle

ALWAYS have fluid filled space antrum -secondary oocyte

External reproductive organs of women

Accessory organs

How do mitosis and meiosis differ?

Mitosis: somatic cell division producing two identical diploid daughter cells. No crossing over. Meiosis: type of sex cell division producing four nonidentical haploid daughter cells. Has crossing over.

What are three tunics of the uterus from outer to inner?

Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium (functional layer sloughs off every month leaving the basal layer)

Prolactin

Produced in anterior pituitary milk production

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

Reformation of nuclear envelopes Formation of cleavage furrow cell divides (cytokinesis) to produce two new cells Daughter cells with 23 chromosomes with two sister chromatids each

Telophase II and Cytokinesis

Reformation of nuclear membrane Formation of cleavage furrow Division of cytoplasm Produces four haploid daughter cells 22 autosomes 1 sex chromosome (X or Y)

Isthmus

Region of tube extending edialy from ampulla

Prophase II

Resembles prophase I Breaking of nuclear envelope Chromosomes collecting together

Anaphase II

Sister chromatids pulled apart Single-stranded chromosomes separated to opposite poles of the cell

Mitosis

Somatic cell division Produces two daughter cells genetically identical to parent Diploid daughter cells No crossing over

Metaphase II

Spindle fibers extending from centrioles to centromeres Replicated chromosomes (of sister chromatids) aligned to form line along cell midline

Meiosis II

Two daughter cells each with 23 replicated chromosomes consist of two connected sister chromatids Chromatid separation during meiosis II become single chromosomes in haploid cells

Meiosis

Type of sex cell division Four daughter cells genetically different from parent Haploid daughter cells Includes crossing over genetic material exchanged between homologous chromosomes get genes from both parents on one chromosome

Sex chromosomes

XX female XY male

Ovarian ligament

anchors ovary to posterior aspect of broad ligament superior portion of round ligament of the uterus

Suspensory ligament

attaches to lateral edge of each ovary ovarian blood vessels and nerves housed here

Male urogenital triangle

base of penis and scrotum

corpus luteum regression

causes uterine lining to be shed process termed menstruation shed lining- menses end of luteal phase

uterosacral ligaments

connect inferior uterus posteriorly to sacrum

Diploid cell

contains 23 pairs of chromosomes has 2 n chromosomes (unpaired chromosome number)

Decreased temperature

contraction of dartos and cremaster muscles testes and scrotum pulled closer to body helps conserve heat

Ovulation

day 14 release secondary oocyte from vesicular follcle

luteal phase

day 15-28

Medulla

deep to cortex areolar connective tissue contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves

Tunica albuginea

deep to germinal epithelium dense CT capsule

If fertilization does not occur

degeneration of corpus luteum dramatic drop of progesterone without progesterone, sloughing of functional layer

Mesovarium

double fold of peritoneum attaches to each ovary at hilum anterior ovary surface where blood vessels, nerves enter

Broad ligament

drape of peritoneum hanging over uterus attached to ovary via mesovarium

Round ligament

extend from lateral uterus and traverse inguinal canal attach to labia majora

uterine part of tube

extends medially from isthmus penetrates wall of uterus

Ampulla

fertilization typically here

mass is what

follicle

Mucous plug at external os

formed by mucin-secreting glands prevents pathogens from invading uterus from vagina thins around ovulation for easier sperm penetration

1. Primordial follicle

found in periphery most primitive type of ovarian follicle primary oocyte and single flattened layer of follicle cells primary oocyte arrested in first meiotic prophase

Infundibulum

free, funnel-shaped, lateral margin of tube numerous fingerlike folds, fimbriae enclose ovary only at time of ovulation

Process of forming human sex cells

gametogenesis

When oocyte is ejected out

goes to fimbria to uterine tubes, if it is fertilized and makes its way to uterus for fetal development, if not it is jected out

Labia majora

homologous to scrotum in male

Most of follicles that contain oocytes are where

in the cortex

external os

inferior opening of cervix into vagina

Inhibidin

inhibits FSH production prevents excessive follicle development

Lactiferous ducts

larger channels of merged ducts, draining single lobe, expands to form lactiferous sinus where milk is sotred

cervical canal

narrow channel within cervix connects to vagina

Vagina cell type

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Egg is what

oocyte

Primary female reproductive organs

ovaries

Lactation

positive feedback loop

Follicular phase

primary oocyte in vesicular follicle- finished meiosis I, formation of 2 cells -one polar body -receives minimal cytoplasm and regresses -other cell derived from primary oocyte becomes secondary oocyte

oxytocin

produced by hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary milk ejection

What is in breast milk

proteins, fats, lactose sugar for infant sugar

Elevated temperature

relaxation of dartos muscle allows testes to move inferiorly away from body cremaster relax to allow testes to move inferiorly

Transverse cervical ligaments

run from sides of cervix and superior vagina laterally to pelvic wall

Greater vestibular glands

secrete mucin, forming mucous acting as lubricant

Sperm are produced where

seminiferous tubules

Wall of uterine tbe cell type

simple ciiated columnar epithelium

Germinal Epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelial layer surrounding ovary

Internal os

superior opening of cervical canal

corpus luteum

temporary endocrine gland secretes progesterone and estrogen

Female urogenital triangle

urethral and vaginal orifices

Accessory reproductive reproductive organs

uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, mammary glands

Meiosis I

-results in 2 cells, each with 23 chromosomes only of duplicated sister chromatids

5. COrpus albicans

-scar formed from regressed corpus luteum

After menopause

-stop having cycles for 1 year -progesterone and estrogen no long secreted so oocytes no longer are released

Large Vesicular Follicle (Graffian Follicle)

-ejected into peritoneum cavity formed from secondary follicle contains secondary oocyte has completed meiosis I arrested in second meiotic metaphase with zona pellucida and corona radiata numerous granulosa cells, fluid-filled antrum one formed per month

Autosomes

-genes coding for cellular function -22 pairs

Interphase

-not a phase of mitosis or meiosis -cell hase prior to meiosis -DNA on each cell replicated -cells living their lives

Prophase I

-pairing of homologous replicated chromosomes -grossing over

2. Primary follicle

-primary oocyte with layers of cuboidal follicular cells- granulosa cell -secretes estrogen

Gametes

-produced by males and females -females producing and releasing signal monthly: oocyte -male producing large number of gametes: sperm

Parts of male urethra

-prostatic -membranous -...