Chapter 3

The region of colder, denser water found in the deepest zone of a lake in summer is called the __________.

hypolimnion

The depth of a thermocline is directly influenced by all the following factors, except

influx of water.

From the information in the graphs, you can conclude that oceanic pH and atmospheric CO2 concentration are ______ correlated.

negatively (or inversely)

The __________ links all marine and freshwater aquatic environments.

water cycle

The following graph shows the average pH of the ocean over the last 20 million years of Earth's history. What can be concluded from the graph? Select all that apply.

- In the last 20 million years of Earth's history, the average pH has never gone below 8.0.- Average ocean pH has fluctuated over the millennia from just over 8.0 to about 8.3.

The table shown here lists the specific heat of several substances. Substance Specific heat J/g/∘C water 4.18 ethyl alcohol 2.44 benzene 1.80 sulfuric acid 1.40 Based on the information in the table, which of the following statements are true?

-Sulfuric acid is less resistant to temperature change than water.-Benzene is more resistant to temperature change than sulfuric acid.-More heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 ∘C than to raise the temperature of 1 g of ethyl alcohol 1 ∘C.-Water has a high specific heat due to the hydrogen bonding between water molecules.

In 2016, atmospheric CO2 was at ______ ppm, and oceanic pH was at ______.

400; 8.1

At what temperature does pure water reach its maximum density?

4°C

Under the Optimistic scenario, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere will increase but will remain under ______ ppm through 2090.

600

Under the Middle Ground scenario, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere will get close to, but are not projected to exceed ______ ppm by 2090.

700

Across all three scenarios, ocean pH falls below ______ by 2090.

8.0

Under the Pessimistic scenario, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere are projected to exceed ______ ppm by 2090.

800

What is the absolute pressure that organisms experience at 900 meters' depth?

91 atm

Label the following diagram of water molecules, indicating the location of bonds and the partial charges on the atoms. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the diagram of the water molecules below. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A - covalent bond B - δ - C - hydrogen bond D - δ + E - δ + F - covalent bond G - δ - H - hydrogen bond

Classify each statement as an example of adhesion, cohesion, or surface tension. Drag each statement to the appropriate bin.

Adhesion: -Water molecules cling to the side of a beaker. -Water molecules cling to plant cell walls. Cohesion: -Water molecules are attracted to eachother -A drop of water spilled on a table forms a drop on the table, rather than spreading out over the surface. Surface tension: -A sewing needle floats when it is placed gently on top of water in a bucket. -A water strider runs across a pond without breaking the surface.

How much of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans?

Almost all of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans.

You attend a poster session at a conference, "Animal Adaptations in Aquatic Environments." What could one of the titles on the poster appropriately be?

Bioluminescence in the Deep: Organisms Bring Their Own Light Show

__________ is the total amount of water lost to the atmosphere from the surface of the ground and vegetation.

Evapotranspiration

As atmospheric CO2 concentrations reach 840 ppm, or three times the preindustrial level, the calcification rate will be reduced to 30 mmol/m2/day.

False

Declining coral calcification rates suggests a decrease in the level of bicarbonates and an increase in the level of carbonates in seawater.

False

During summer, the amount of oxygen in the water is greatest at the bottom of ponds and lakes.

False

The data in this graph could also be plotted as a pie chart.

False

Organisms living in marine and freshwater environments generally have solute concentrations (or ion concentrations) that are quite different from the water around them. Which of the following statements is true?

Fish that live in estuaries must possess special behavioral or physiological adaptations to survive daily changes in salinity.

How could this data be best represented graphically?

Line graph

How does water get from the oceans onto land?

Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain.

You are working on a project about waves in very large lakes and oceans. You study wave and wind dynamics on many days. Which of the following is NOT a likely observation from your study?

On very windy days, you notice that the waves are not as high as usual.

What would happen to atmospheric water if Earth were mostly covered with land?

The atmosphere would contain less water.

What does the hydrologic cycle describe?

The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.

What would happen to the oceans if surface runoff and groundwater flow were reduced (for example, by the growth of ice sheets during an ice age)?

The oceans would become smaller.

Which of the following statements about the marine coastal environment is true?

The uppermost areas of the intertidal zone experience the most extreme fluctuations.

__________ is the movement of water from internal surfaces of leaves, stems, and other living parts of plants into the atmosphere.

Transpiration

Although not reflected in the graph, based on how ocean acidification works, the relationship between oceanic pH and coral reef calcification rates can be predicted to be positively (or directly) correlated.

True

As atmospheric CO2 concentrations reach 560 ppm, or double the preindustrial level, the coral calcification rate is projected to be reduced by more than two-thirds from what it was at the preindustrial level.

True

Cold water contains more oxygen than warm water.

True

Coral reef calcification rates are projected to steadily decline as atmospheric CO2 concentrations increase.

True

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Turbidity is generally used to classify aquatic environments.

Why do water temperatures vary less than air temperatures in the same climate?

Water has a high specific heat

You and a classmate are studying the impacts of global climate change on coral reefs. You disagree about the subject. Your friend claims that increased CO2 levels can be absorbed by the ocean and will increase productivity, so it will increase reef building. You argue that increased CO2 levels will lead to decreased pH, and that will reduce calcium carbonate (CaCO3) levels, thus decreasing reef building. Who is right?

You are right, and your friend is wrong. Submit

Where is most of Earth's freshwater found?

as ice at Earth's surface Submit

What process exerts the pull on water molecules that is relayed from leaf to root via cohesion?

evaporation

The lattice arrangement of water molecules is a result of __________.

hydrogen bonding

The pH is the negative logarithm of the concentration of __________ in solution.

hydrogen ions

Water is an amazing __________. It can dissolve more substances than other liquids.

solvent

Which ocean is Earth's largest?

the Pacific Ocean

If you sampled the vertical distribution of oxygen in a temperate lake during fall overturn or turnover, you would find __________.

uniform concentrations at all depths

The following graphs represent the future projections from Part B. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the graphs.

y-axis (300-900): atmospheric CO2 (ppm) y-axis (7.6-8.2): oceanic pH x-axis (2030-2090): year yellow line: optimistic purple line: middle ground red line: pessimistic