Chapter 3: America 1790-1850
Factors that led to the Westward Movement
1. Courage if the pioneer people. 2. The rude of technology-railroads. Weapons- repeating rifle and later the six shooter (Samuel Colt and Henry Repeating Rifle). 3. Greed- miners looking for gold, or the cattle barons. 4. Over population on the east coast based on the rising immigrant population. 5. Government expansion policies- incentive programs to push settlers, miners, and pioneers westward. 6. Rise if the Calvary African Americans= Buffalo soldiers.
Results of the war of 1812
1. Neither side won the Second War of Independence (Treaty of Ghent), but by not losing the United States does not lose its freedom. (we don't become part of the British empire). 2. Andrew Jackson and William H. Harrison became national heroes, which later helped them win the presidency. 3. Manufacturing developed on the United States because America could not get European goods during wartime. (America starts our Industrial Revolution) U.S. become self-sufficient. 4. America saw the need for a string national government that could provide leadership in times of crisis. (James Madison # 4). 5. Reaffirms policy of Manifest Destiny for the United States. 6. Countries in Europe began to show more respect to the young United States. (Second time U.S. defeated Britain). 7. A spirit of "nationalism" swept the country. (National Anthem-Star Spangled Banner-Francis S. Key). 8. The Federalist Party, which had opposed the war, declined in importance and soon disappeared. (Because of Hartford Convention). Federalist Party become the Whigs.
Pierre Charles L' Enfant
A French artist and architect who had fought for the United States during the War of Independehce, developed the city plan.
Search for River routes to the western ocean, make contact with the Native Americans, and gather information
A major goal of the Lewis and Clark expedition was to?
Explore the upper Missippi Valley and search for the source of the great River
A major goal of the Zebulon Pike expedition was to?
This produced
A political imbalance in the Senate between the southern slave states and the northern free states.
Governmental power
Alexander Hamilton supported the creation of ?
For secretary of the Treasury
Alexander Hamilton, a 34 year old intellectually brilliant man.
Settlers
Already were moving into the lands west of the Missippi, especially into the territory of Missouri.
The incident
Also raised the issue of the spread of slavery into the other territories of the west.
In 1806 and 1807
Both Britain and France enacted laws restricting the rights of neutral countries.
In the summer of 1807
British attacked the USS Chesapeake, 20 Americans were wounded, 3 killed and 4 were impressed.
Marbury v. Madison
Chief Justice John Marshall denied Marbury's request ruling part of the Judicary Act of 1789 invalid.
British navy
Claimed the right to stop ships, searched for deserters, and impress, or seize, sailors known to be British subjects.
Policy of checks and balances
The Supreme Court is now equal to the other branches in the U.S. government.
Cabinet
The United Stares had a huge debt, no permanent capital, and no federal officers beyond the elected members of Congress and the President and Vice President. Immediately Washingtin began to appoint officials.
Planning a capital city
The United States needed an impressive new capital.
John C. Calhoun of South Carolina and Henry Clay of Kentucky
The War Hawks were lead by them.
The Treaty of Ghent and the Battle of New Orleans
The War of 1812 ended with what Treaty and Battle?
Maine
The issue was settled by compromise, after it applied for statehood in 1820.
Federalist Judicary
The new presidents first major political battles involved the federal court system. Just before a new Congress took over, while the Federalists were still in power, they passed the Judicary Act if 1801, which increased the number of judges in the circuit and lower courts.
British sea captains
Desperate for sailors, often impressed able-bodied men whether they were British or not. Many Amerixan sailors were kidnapped and forced into service on British ships (impressment).
Opportunities for profit
Dried up when Britain began to blockade American ports and intercept ships carrying cargoes to France.
End of the war
During the battle of Ft McHenry (Baltimore), Francis Scott Key, who witnessed the attack, wrote the poem which later became the poem the Star-Spangled Banner. (Congress made the song into the National Anthem in 1931).
Formalities of the new government
During the first four years of Washington's term, the government was preoccupied with matters both big and small.
Attorney General
Edmund Randolph of Virginia.
The British
Enforced these tariff/embargo laws by carrying out illegal search and seizure if American ships on the high seas. We're also accused by the Amerixahs of encouraging Chief Tecumseh and the Imdians of attacking settlers in the Northwest territory. Had approximately 8,000-9,000 regular soldiers.
The people in the South and West
Favored the war, while the people in the New England states were against the war.
Embargo Act of 1807
Forbade American merchants to trade with foreign nations, closed American ports to the British.
By 1803
France and Britain were at war again and in a statement in which France's armies controlled Europe and the British navy controlled the seas. Each side tried to block the enemy's oversea trade.
John Adams
From Massachusetts was chosen as Vice President.
American forces
Had approximately 4,000 men, which included the 7th U.S. Infantrym a variety of militia, Jean Lafitte's Baratarian pirates, as well as free black and Natuve American troops.
During this time
Hamilton won congressional approval for the national government to take on the debts incurred by the states during the War for Indeoendence.
Thomas Jefferson
He managed the nation's relations with other countries. Was not particularly well known in 1789, despite being the principle author of the Declaration of Independence. Cut military spending. He honored the debt repayments arranged by Hamilton and allowed the Bank of the United States to continue to operate. Got the Republican Congress to repeal the Judical Act of 1801. Designate Meriwether Lewis his private secretary, to lead the group. Was reelected by a land slide in 1804. Also thought that denying both British and France any goods from the United States, he could force them to recognize America's freedom of the seas.
Washington's farewell speech
He warned the nation about the dangers of: factionalism, economic responsibility, and unwarranted involvement in European affairs/wars.
For secretary of state
Henry Knox
These congressmen
Hoped to add Canada and Spanish Florida to the United Stares.
Whiskey Rebellion
In 1794 farmers in western Pennsylvania, who opposed the excise tax on whiskey.
Great popularity
In addition to this, Washington also had formidable task.
Party conflict and territorial expansion marked Jefferson's first term
In keeping with his republican principles, Jefferson tried to keep the federal government small and out of the affairs of the people and states.
George Washington
In the election that took place in the fall of 1788, most of the people elected to Congress were Federalists. Chose as president. Entrusted Hamilton with control of the largest department of the government, and with the responsibility for finding a way to pay off the huge debt the nation still owned from the War of Independence.
As the population grew
It also expanded westward.
The Bank of the United States would continue to operate
Jefferson's election as President in 1800 demonstrated that
Supreme Court
John Marshall is remembered for his idea/policy of
No one
Knew exactly how Congress and the president were to deal with other.
General William Henry Harrison
Later became the 9th president of the United States. Defeated the Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
Some British sailors
Lured by better pay on Ameruxan merchant ships, deserted.
Wars
Made Jefferson's second term far more troubled.
Missouri Compromise
Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free. In addition, slavery was banned north 36*30 north latitude p, except in Missouri. The compromise retained the bake between the free and slave states, but the conflict over slavery would continue in the years ahead.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Months before the Louisana Purchase, Jefersin has persuaded Congress to finance a western expedition, now responding to a secret request from Jefferson, Comgress appropriated $2,500 to find an expedition into the newly purchased Luisana Purchase/ territory.
Impressment and embargo
Napoleon was determined to conquer Europe, and the British were determined to stop him.
The United States
Not involved in the war, remained neutral, and traveled with both sides. Became concerned that other European powers might try to gain foothold in the Western Hemisphere.
The victory at New Orleans
On January 8th cost Jackson around 13 killed, 58 wounded, and 30 captured for a total of 101. The British reported their losses as 291 killed, 1,262 wounded, and 484 captured/missing for a total of 2,037.
Benjamin Banneker
On Jefferson's recommendation, Washington appointed this African American mathematician and inventor.
Sedition Act
Persons who wrote, published, or said anything "of a false, scandalous, and malicious" nature against the government of the United States or its agents were subject to heavy fines and imprisonment.
Jeffersonian Republicans
Soon after Washington became president, political ideology split the United States. When Jefferson and other critics of George Washington's Adminstration formed an alliance of widely different people opposed to the Federalists, they became known as this. Originally those critics were called republicans or democratic republicans because they stood for a more democratic society. Controlled Comgress repealed two unpopular taxes and the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Residence Act of 1790
Specified that the capital would be a 10 square mile tract of land on the Potomac River near Washington's home Mount Vernon, Virginia.
By 1819
Statehood for Ohio, Louisana, Indiana, Missippi, Illinois, and Alabama brought the number of states to 22.
Alien and Sediation Acts of 1798
The Federalists took advantage of the war crisis to pass even stronger measures through Congress. Among these were an increase in the size of the army, higher taxes to support the army and navy.
Manifest Destiny
The policy of expanding from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
Alien Act
The president gained the right to imprison or deport citizens of other countries in the U.S.
Judicial Review
The right of the court to declare a law unconstitutional.
Zebulon Pike Expedition
The two Pike expeditions were in 1805 and in 1806. Lt. Pike's 1805 expedition was to explore the upper Missippi Valley and search for the source of the great river. Pike's 1806-7 expedition, he lead his group up the Arkansas River to the easternmost Rocky Mountains of modern-day Colorado and New Mexico.
XYZ Affair
The war crisis and the election. By 1797 France and the United States were involved into what amounted to an undeclared war, firing on and seizing one another's ship on the high seas.
By 1800
These new states-Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee-joined the original thirteen states.
For secretary of war
Thomas Jefferson
Attacking settlers in the Northwest Territory
To deal with the United States Native American leader Tecumseh called for?
Hamilton Acts
To strengthen the government.
Alliance of widely different people
Unlike the Federalists, Jeffersonian Republicans believed in what idea?
Federalists
Used the Sedition Acts to muzzle their critics.
American shippers
Used their country's neutrality to profit by trading with both countries.
Hamilton
Was a practical individual who believed that governmental power, properly used, could accomplish great things. Raised monies for the United States excise taxes (which is a tax on a product manufactured within a country) and tariff taxes (tax on foreign goods).
American diplomatic commission
Was sent to France in July 1797 to negotiate problems that were threatening to break out into war. The diplomats, Charles Pickney, John Marshall, and Elbruge Gerry, were approached through informal channels by agents of the French foreign minister Talleryland, who demanded bribes and a loan before formal negotiations could begin.
One issue
Was the role of the presidency. The president lived in a formal, but not extravagantly , manner, believing that it was necessary to command the respect if the citizens of the United Statesmas well as the rest of the world.
April 30th, 1789
Washington became president in New York City, at Federal Hall. On a small porch with thousands looking on, he took the oath of office and kissed the Bible.
1796
Washington did not seek a third term, and John Adams was elected to be the Second President of the United States.
President Washington and Secretary Hamilton
We're determined to crush the rebellion. In the summer of 1794, they marched 12,000 soldiers across the Appalachian Mountains as s show of force. The rebellion was quickly dissolved.
American farmers and New England merchants
Were not able to sell products to Europe, rebelled and on March 1, 1809 the Embargo Act was repealed.
Such demands
Were not uncommon in mainland European diplomacy of time, the Americans were offended by them, and eventually left Frajce without ever engaging in formal negotiations.
Imprisonment, deportation, and heavy fines
What were the punishments of the Alien and Seditin Acts?
John Marshall
Who as Chief Justice will dominate the Supreme Court for the next five presidents.
James Monroe
With the Federalist discredited (because of the Hartford Convention), the Jeffersonian Republican candidate to succeed Madison as president, coasted to victory in 1816 and again in 1820. Put the final touches on a statement drafted by his annual message to Congress in December 1823.
Growth and expansion
With the war ended, America's economy revived as overseas trade resumed and increased. The nations population climbed steadily as well-from 7 million in 1810 to 13 million by 1830. Many of these new Americans were immigrants from Ireland, Germany, and Great Britain.
The new federal government
Showed that it was willing to the military, to maintain order in the U.S.
Impressment
American ships were now the target of the British practice.
Introduction
Americans territorial expansion was called the policy of Manifest Destiny.
Missouri
Application for statehood in 1819 created a crisis involving slavery. The 22 states were divided evenly into 11 that allowed slavery and 11 did not. If entered the Union as a slave state, the balance would tip the scale in favor of the South.
Embargo
As American anger grew, Jefferson tried to avoid American entanglement by getting congress to impose an order forbidding merchant ships from entering or leaving ports.
Alien and Sedition Acts
As President, John Adams supported what?
James Madison
Asked congress to declare war declaration despite opposition of the Federalists and New England states.
William Marbury
Asked the Supreme Court to force the Secretary of State James Madison to deliever his commission.
Jay Treaty
At the same time France was going through the French Revolution, which made the United States reopen negotiations with Britain in what was to be known as this.
Election of 1800
President Adams was defeated by Vice President Jefferson. On Febuary 17th, 1800, the House of Representatives finally elected Thomas Jefferson as the third president of the United States. Aaron Burr was chosen to be Vice President.
Point-strict constitution
President does not have the power to make the purchase (only congress can spend money-Article 1 section 8, Clause 1).
#2
President has no authority to use a power not express in the constitution-Theory (Founders idea of) of Supermacy of the Legislative Branch; Articie 6 Section 2=Supremacy of the Constitution Clause.
Counter point-loose construction
President has the power to make the purchase (Article 2 Section 3-Chief Diplomat clause-right to make treaties). President had the right to use implied powers to protect the nation (Executive orders-premise-National Security Article 2 Section 2- Commander in Chief Clause).
War Hawks
Pushed for war with Britain.
Treaty of Ghent
Reached North America (U.S. and Canda), General Andrew Jackson defeated the British in a one-sided battle.
Lewis and Clark
Set out from St. Louis in May 1804 with a party of fifty, and returned in September 1806. It took them 18 months to travel from St Louis, Miss. to the pacific. (and back). Their goal were to search for ever routes to the western ocean, make contact with the Native Americans living in the territory, and gather information about the region's natural resources. To help their task, the expedition hired a French-Candian fur trapper Toussaint Charbonneau and his wife Sacajawea, a shoeshone Indian, as interpreters.
On the morning of January 8th, 1815
The British commanded by Major General John Lambert, attacked the fortified position of General Jackson.