Chapter 3 , Chapter 2 Physc
NREM- 3
- Deep sleep - Slow-wave sleep that - lasts about 30 minutes - Brain emits large, slow delta waves
NREM-2
- Last about 20 minutes - More relaxed - Sleep spindles: Burst of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity - You are not clearly asleep
NREM-1 (stage sleep 1)
- This transition is marked by the slowed breathing and the irregular brain waves - may exprience hallucinations - may feel sensation of falling or floating
Sleep helps restore and rebuild our fading memories of the day's experiences
- WHY WE SLEEP THEORY - Proven to help strengthen memory - Sleep consolidates our memories by replaying recent learning and strengthening neural connections - Reactivates recent experiences that were stored in the hippocampus and shifts them for permanent storage elsewhere in the cortex - The more frequently your sleep is disrupted your memory consolidation is also distributed
Night shift at work
- affects our sleep pattern workers may experience a chronic state of desynchronization - damages our 24 hour clock - Delcope fatigue Stomach problems Heart diseases
Lighting
- affects our sleep pattern - tweaks the circadian clock by activating light-sensitive retinal proteins
Sleep helps us recuperate
- helps us restore our immune systems and repair brain tissues - Sleep sweeps away this toxic waste - Gives resting neurons time to repair - WHY WE SLEEP THEORY
Circadian Rhythm
- our biological clock - Regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle - Thinking and memory improve as we approach our daily peak in circadian arousal Can be altered by age and experience
REM Sleep
- recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur - For about 10 minutes your brain waves moved rapidly and saw-toothed - your heart rate rises, breathing becomes more rapid and irregular - Cortex is active - The body is essentially paralyzed - Muscles are relaxed - Eyes are constantly moving - The frequency typically gets longer throughout the night as the cycle progresses.
Trinna and Suzanne are identical twins who were the same length at birth. They were adopted by different families at birth and then reconnected in their early thirties. Trinna is two inches shorter and was a severely selective eater as a child. A researcher was conducting an investigation about twins separated at birth. What research method and explanation best fit this scenario?
A case study, because both heredity and environment are important in determining length and height.
A researcher discovered a chemical compound that seems to slow down the heart rate of monkeys by targeting an area of the medulla. The researcher believes that the compound could help reduce the symptoms associated with panic disorder. Which of the following is the appropriate next step for the researcher to take after developing the compound into a new drug?
Apply to an institutional review board (IRB) to begin animal trials for the drug.
Dr. Paivio studies the ways in which the endocrine system and the nervous system are similar. Which of the following might he conclude?
Both systems secrete molecules that activate receptors elsewhere.
Which of the follow scenarios is the best example of natural selection?
During a drought, the foliage in a region turns brown. More brownish moths than whitish moths from a particular breed survive predation and produce more offspring. Subsequent generations of moths have a higher percentage of brownish moths than the generation before.
Which of the following statements is false?
Each part of the body has the same degree of representation on the primary motor cortex.
Researchers measured changes in neural firing in the frontal lobes for ten rats that were exposed to stimulants. The researchers used an MRI that indicates brain activity with colors. Normal brain activity is indicated by greens and yellows. High brain activity is indicated by reds and oranges. Low brain activity is indicated by grays and blues. All the rat's brains showed normal activity prior to being exposed to the stimulant. What type of study was being conducted by the researcher?
Experiment
A researcher studied rats to determine the effectiveness of a new drug on acetylcholine receptor sites. First, the rats were trained to find a reward at the end of a maze. Next, the rats were randomly assigned to two groups. One group of rats were injected with the new acetylcholine-like drug. The second group of rats were injected with a saline solution. Finally, researchers measured how many mistakes the rats made as they navigated the maze. Which of the following research methods was used by the researchers?
Experimental
A number of antiepileptic medications work to increase this neurotransmitter since low levels of it are linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia.
GABA
What's one reason people do stupid things while drinking alcohol?
It reduces activity in the frontal lobe
Which of the following best describes a major role of the thalamus?
It relays most sensory signals to the cortex.
Which of the following activities most directly relies on the hippocampus?
Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood
The figure shows the myelin sheath, a semipermeable membrane that provides support and helps speed up the action potential in neurons. What condition occurs when the immune system causes the deterioration of the myelin sheath?
Multiple sclerosis
A small sample of living neural tissue is being studied under a powerful microscope. The researcher notices that some of the neural cells have connections to capillaries and seem to nourish and support the other neural cells. What type of research is being conducted?
Naturalistic observation
Which of the following statements about nicotine is false?
Nicotine is technically classified as a depressant because the nicotine in cigarette smoke and other tobacco products relaxes the person taking it in.
N-REM stands for
Non REM
Which does not happen during sleep? Our body is flooded with happiness hormones We turn short-term memory into long-term memory We process new information Muscles grow
Our body is flooded with happiness hormones
Kara thinks she sees a spider on the floor of her bathroom. She is extremely afraid of spiders. Upon further inspection, though, she realizes the "spider" is only a ball of hair. Which of the following nervous systems would be responsible for calming her down after she realizes the ball of hair is not a spider?
Parasympathetic nervous system
An institutional review board (IRB) rejected a proposal for research where participants requesting to lesion Wernicke's Area in otherwise healthy individuals to study the resulting speech comprehension issues. Which of the following is the most likely ethical consideration for rejecting the study?
Protection from Harm
When do we dream mostly?
REM
Paradoxical sleep is to____ _ as quiet sleep is to______
REM sleep; NREM sleep
Ms. Harrison asks students in her psychology class to record how many hours of sleep they get every night and what they eat for breakfast. When the class looks at the data, they find that the fewer hours of sleep they get, the more they eat for breakfast. Which of the following is a limitation of self-report research?
Self-report data is subject to the social desirability bias
Which of the following is a testable hypothesis using operational definitions about people who have undergone split-brain surgery to help control severe epilepsy?
Split-brain patients will not be able to name an object placed in their left visual field.
Dr. Wilson, who teaches engineering classes, is interested in learning about how lack of sleep affects performance. What would be the best way to ensure that her findings are generalizable to all the students at her university?
Surveying every tenth student listed in the university directory about their sleep habits
Kara thinks she sees a spider on the floor of her bathroom. She is extremely afraid of spiders. Which of the following nervous systems would be responsible for her fearful reaction to the spider?
Sympathetic nervous system
Tamara's coach reminds the team not to eat for several hours before the basketball game because the digestive process will be slowed down due to the intense activity. Which of the following aspects of the peripheral nervous system is directly responsible for slowing down digestive processes during the game?
Sympathetic nervous system
Researchers measured changes in neural firing in the frontal lobes for ten rats that were exposed to stimulants. The researchers used an MRI that indicates brain activity with colors. Normal brain activity is indicated by greens and yellows. High brain activity is indicated by reds and oranges. Low brain activity is indicated by grays and blues. All the rat's brains showed normal activity prior to being exposed to the stimulant. Which of the following is a prediction that could be made about the activity of the rats' brains when exposed to the stimulant?
The MRI should show more oranges and reds when exposed to the stimulant.
Researchers conducted an experiment on baboons by inserting a wire into the reticular activating system (RAS) that produced a mild electrical current. The researchers stimulated the RAS while the baboons were performing different tasks. Which of the following operational definitions would be most easily replicated by other researchers trying to duplicate the experiment?
The baboons' heart rates were measured by a monitor attached to their chest before and after the RAS was stimulated.
Why don't we all run around when we are dreaming about running?
The brainstem blocks the signals from the motor cortex.
Researchers measured changes in neural firing in the frontal lobes for ten rats that were exposed to stimulants. The researchers used an MRI that indicates brain activity with colors. Normal brain activity is indicated by greens and yellows. High brain activity is indicated by reds and oranges. Low brain activity is indicated by grays and blues. All the rat's brains showed normal activity prior to being exposed to the stimulant. What is the operational definition of neural activity in the rats?
The color presented in the MRI images.
A psychological study to determine the harmful effects of sleep disruption asked a company to start an overnight shift without notice. Many of the employees began to have accidents while on the job. The researchers conclude that a sudden change in circadian rhythm causes an effect on job performance. What ethical concern may be present in this study?
The employees did not provide informed consent and were not given the option to withdraw from the study.
Much of the research regarding the function of brain areas has been gathered from case studies of individuals with brain injury or disease. Which of the following identifies a reason for this?
The independent variable in an experiment would inflict brain injury, which is unethical.
Jonny stays up late playing video games. He probably has trouble sleeping because
The light messes with his circadian rhythm
Researchers conducted a correlational study during the winter season, which has shorter days and longer nights. The researcher asked about people's experiences with depression-like symptoms, including feelings of tiredness and reduction in energy output. The researcher found that there was a positive correlation between the amount of daylight and depression-like symptoms. Which of the following statements best reflects how to interpret this correlational finding?
The relationship between daylight and depressive symptoms may also be linked to a third variable.
Alpha waves
The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
A researcher wants to examine how much information from waking life ends up in dreams. The researcher recruits 40 volunteers from a local community college to record the details of their daily activities. The participants will be given a sleep monitor that gently wakes them each time they end an REM cycle, after which they will complete a detailed dream diary. The study is planned to last for two weeks. Why would an institutional review board be hesitant to approve this study?
The researchers are disrupting sleep for an extended period, which may cause harm.
Dr. Ravi wants to conduct a study to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on problem-solving abilities. Her procedure involves randomly assigning participants to groups and depriving one group of sleep for a period of five consecutive days. She then had each of them take a test that measures their ability to solve various problems. Which of the following is most problematic about Dr. Ravi's research design?
The study raises ethical concerns because the amount of sleep deprivation could be harmful to participants in the study.
Dart eye movement during REM sleep
These eye movements announce the beginning of a dream
How do scientists tell which sleep cycle a subject is in?
They attach electrodes to subjects' heads
The specialized area of the brain at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations is:
the somatosensory cortex.
Which division of the autonomic nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in stressful situations?
the sympathetic nervous system
Where are neurotransmitters released?
the synapse
Sleep protects
we sleep because it has survival values - WHY WE SLEEP THEORY
Getting a headache from not having a morning coffee after substantial daily coffee consumption for several months is most likely due to which of the following concepts?
withdrawal
Based on its effects on the central nervous system, alcohol can be classified as which of the following concepts?
a depressant
SCN
a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. - Causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production - Modifies our feelings and sleepiness
Sleep
a periodic, natural loss of consciousness - you process most information outside your conscious awareness.
The explanation that holds that dreams are merely the brain's attempt to make sense of meaningless patterns of brain activity during sleep is best identified as which of the following theories?
activation-synthesis theory
The broad term that refers to a condition in which a person feels psychologically and physically compelled to take a specific drug is:
addiction.
An adult with a healthy sleep cycle is most likely to enter REM sleep in which of the following ways?
after cycling through the NREM sleep stages
The of the cerebral cortex are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.
association areas
Which is NOT a sleep tip recommended in the book?
avoid thinking about song lyrics
Disorders such as gambling disorder and Internet gaming disorder are considered _______ addictions.
behavioral
Which of the following does the autonomic nervous system most directly control?
bladder contractions
The sequence of brain regions from the oldest to newest (in terms of evolution) is:
brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex.
Plasticity refers to the brain's ability to:
build new neural pathways.
In a tragic diving accident, Andrew damaged his spinal cord. As a result, his legs were paralyzed. Andrew's injury was located in his
central nervous system.
The "little brain" controlling your coordination, balance, and movement is called the:
cerebellum
When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, an electrical impulse is then converted into a
chemical message.
Our bodies synchronize with the 24-hour cycle of day and night by means of the biological clock called the________rhythm.
circadian
Which will most likely increase neural activity?
cocaine
Someone who damaged their frontal lobes would have trouble...
controlling their emotions and acting morally.
Broca's area
controls language expression - an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
Wernicke's area
controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
A brain lesion refers to ________ of brain tissue.
destruction
Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and the "runner's high" are called:
endorphins
Jason is participating in a study in which he is placed inside a tube-shaped machine and then asked to look at photographs of people making various facial expressions. The experimenters explain that they are looking at areas of his brain that show increased blood flow, which would indicate higher levels of activity, when he looks at the photographs. The device the researchers are utilizing is a(n):
fMRI
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus - seeing something that is not actually there
This technique reveals blood flow and brain functioning as well as brain structure through a special application of another neuroimaging technique.
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
The endocrine system consists of the
glands that secrete hormones
Johnny often hits his brother even though his brother does not do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of which of the following factors?
his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive
Ruth and Debbie are identical twins who were raised by the same family. Vince and Frankie are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. According to research on the heritability of personality traits, Ruth's and Debbie's personalities are statistically
likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities
Free radicals
molecules that are toxic to neurons
Information is carried from the central nervous system to the body's tissues by
motor neurons.
If a neurosurgeon stimulated your right motor cortex, you would most likely...
move your left leg
People with which disorder have a sudden attack of overwhelming sleepiness?
narcolepsy
Scientists use EEGs, MEGs, and PETs to...
observe parts of the brain.
The parietal lobe is most involved in which of the following processes?
processing sensory information
The drugs that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters in the synapse during neural transmission are best identified as which of the following concepts?
reuptake inhibitors
Waking up frequently, loud snoring, silent pauses in breathing, and sleepiness during the day are symptoms of which of the following disorders?
sleep apnea
Messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to muscles in your hands by the ________ nervous system.
somatic
Paradoxical sleep
the body is internally aroused, with waking-like brain activity, yet asleep and externally calm
Which part of the brain controls the heartbeat and breathing?
the brainstem
Which area of the limbic system has considerable influence on the secretion of hormones throughout the body?
the hypothalamus
Delta waves
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep - Occurs in NREM-3
his neurologist recommended surgery that severed the connections between the two hemispheres of the brain. Arjun agreed to the surgery. After surgery, Arjun experienced changes that were noticed during special testing in a laboratory setting by a researcher. In the laboratory, psychologists flashed different images or words to his left and right visual fields. Arjun could easily speak the names of items that were flashed to his right visual field. He could not easily speak the names of items that were flashed to this left visual field. Arjun was studied by a researcher for many years, and his experiences went unchanged. The researcher published the research with Arjun where he shared Arjun's experience and his first and last name. Which of the following parts of the brain allowed Arjun to speak the names of the items flashed to his right visual field?
Broca's Area
Sleep spindles
Burst of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity - occurs in NREM-2
Mark and Matt are twins. A psychologist studies Mark and Matt from birth until their 25th birthday. The psychologist gathers data about their likes and dislikes, extracurricular activities, school success, and doctor visits. The psychologist is interested in the interaction of nature and nurture on their development. Which of the following research methods is the psychologist using to study Mark and Matt?
Case Study
his neurologist recommended surgery that severed the connections between the two hemispheres of the brain. Arjun agreed to the surgery. After surgery, Arjun experienced changes that were noticed during special testing in a laboratory setting by a researcher. In the laboratory, psychologists flashed different images or words to his left and right visual fields. Arjun could easily speak the names of items that were flashed to his right visual field. He could not easily speak the names of items that were flashed to this left visual field. Arjun was studied by a researcher for many years, and his experiences went unchanged. The researcher published the research with Arjun where he shared Arjun's experience and his first and last name. Which of the following ethical procedures did the researcher neglect when they published the research with Arjun?
Confidentiality
his neurologist recommended surgery that severed the connections between the two hemispheres of the brain. Arjun agreed to the surgery. After surgery, Arjun experienced changes that were noticed during special testing in a laboratory setting by a researcher. In the laboratory, psychologists flashed different images or words to his left and right visual fields. Arjun could easily speak the names of items that were flashed to his right visual field. He could not easily speak the names of items that were flashed to this left visual field. Arjun was studied by a researcher for many years, and his experiences went unchanged. The researcher published the research with Arjun where he shared Arjun's experience and his first and last name. Which of the following parts of the brain was severed to address Arjun's epileptic seizures?
Corpus Callosum
Dimitri and Dominic are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. When they found each other through DNA tracking, they were surprised to see how different they were. Which research method would a psychologist most likely use to document their behavioral differences?
Correlation
