Chapter 3 Enculturation
Early cross-cultural work in development focused primarily on the role of culture in "driving" parenting behaviors that resulted in changes in the infant and young child. a) True b) False
a) true
In the context of cultural differences in parenting beliefs about education, American parents tend to be more easily satisfied at lower levels of competence than either the Japanese or the Chinese. a) True b) False
a) true
In the context of teaching practices and school environment, Japanese and Chinese teachers spend a greater proportion of time working with the whole class than do American teachers. a) True b) False
a) true
Mead (1978) describes prefigurative cultures as a culture that is changing so rapidly that young people may be the ones to teach adults. a) True b) False
a) true
Olweus's research in the 1980s led an antibullying movement in countries around the world to acknowledge peer bullying as a serious problem in schools and develop interventions to combat bullying. a) True b) False
a) true
The similarities and differences between the terms "socialization" and "enculturation" are related to the similarities and differences between the terms "society" and "culture." a) True b) False
a) true
Which of the following is true of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory of human development? a) It classifies the linkages between a child's microsystems as the chronosystem. b) It classifies a child's family, school, and peer group as the microsystem. c) It considers the influence of time as the immediate surroundings of a child. d) It considers children as passive recipients of the enculturation and socialization processes.
b) It classifies a child's family, school, and peer group as the microsystem.
_____ is the process by which we learn and internalize the rules and patterns of the society in which we live. This process, which occurs over a long time, involves learning and mastering societal norms, attitudes, values, and belief systems. a) Social striving b) Socialization c) Attribution d) Adaptation
b) Socialization
According to Margaret Mead's description of three types of cultures with differing levels of peer influence on the socialization of its young people, which of the following is true of postfigurative cultures? a) Young people play a greater role in socializing each other. b) Socialization occurs primarily by elders transferring their knowledge to their children. c) Adults need to look to younger people for advice and information. d) The culture changes so rapidly that peers play a greater role in socializing each other.
b) Socialization occurs primarily by elders transferring their knowledge to their children.
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of cultures with differing levels of peer influence on the socialization of its young people as described by Margaret Mead (1978)? a) Prefigurative cultures b) Transfigurative cultures c) Postfigurative cultures d) Cofigurative cultures
b) Transfigurative cultures
Studies comparing American, German, Russian, and Japanese children's beliefs about school performance showed that American children had the lowest _____. a) belief-ability correlations b) belief-performance correlations c) belief-esteem correlations d) belief-power correlations
b) belief-performance correlations
According to Grusec & Davidov (2010), a(n) _____ focuses on parenting behaviors rather than general styles to better understand the socialization process. a) independent approach b) domain-specific approach c) uninvolved parenting style d) global parenting style
b) domain-specific approach
An important tenet of _____ is that children are not simply passive recipients of the enculturation and socialization processes, but they also contribute to their own development by interacting with and influencing the people, groups, and institutions around them. a) psychological systems theory b) ecological systems theory c) sociological systems theory d) physiological systems theory
b) ecological systems theory
According to Dweck (2008), children who believe that effort determines intelligence rather than ability tend to give up faster when faced with a difficult or challenging problem. a) True b) False
b) false
As described by Baumrind (1971), authoritarian parents are often too absorbed in their own lives to respond appropriately to their children and may seem indifferent to them. a) True b) False
b) false
Studies comparing American, German, Russian, and Japanese children's beliefs about school performance showed that German children had the highest levels of personal agency and control expectancy. a) True b) False
b) false
_____ are the first and most important agents of socialization and enculturation agents who help instill cultural mores and values in children. a) Teachers b) Parents c) Peers d) Siblings
b) parents
According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory of human development, which of the following is an example of a microsystem? a) A parent's workplace b) School c) Religion d) The influence of time
b) school
Which of the following parenting styles was identified by Maccoby and Martin (1983)? a) Permissive b) Uninvolved c) Involved d) Submissive
b) uninvolved
In the context of teaching practices and school environment, during class, American teachers tend to: a) focus on incorrect answers. b) use praise to reward correct responses. c) use incorrect answers as examples to lead into discussions. d) emphasize finding ways to engage in group processes
b) use praise to reward correct responses.
Identify a true statement about the study conducted by Yan and Gaier (1994) on causal attributions for college success and failure in Asian and American college undergraduate and graduate students. a) Asian students believed that effort was more important for success than lack of effort was for failure. b) Asian students experienced lower levels of parental support. c) American students attributed academic achievement more often to ability. d) American students considered effort equally important for success or failure.
c) American students attributed academic achievement more often to ability.
In the context of sleeping arrangements, which of the following is true of co-sleeping? a) Sleep experts universally consider co-sleeping an unhealthy dependence on parents. b) Most Americans co-sleep with their babies to make them feel more secure. c) In Chinese culture, it is common for children to co-sleep in the same room as their parents. d) In Japanese culture, co-sleeping with babies is completely shunned.
c) In Chinese culture, it is common for children to co-sleep in the same room as their parents.
Which of the following statements is true of a developmental niche? a) It is a useful framework to understand socialization but not enculturation. b) It focuses on the development of parents rather than their children. c) It focuses on how the broader macrosystem structures a child's immediate microsystems. d) It includes five major components that influence a developing child.
c) It focuses on how the broader macrosystem structures a child's immediate microsystems.
Which of the following is an accurate statement in the context of enculturation and socialization? a) Enculturation and socialization are totally unrelated concepts. b) Socialization generally refers to the products of the enculturation process. c) There is very little difference between the terms enculturation and socialization. d)Enculturationgenerally refers to the actualprocess and mechanismsby which people learn the rules of socialization
c) There is very little difference between the terms enculturation and socialization.
Which of the following is true of Baumrind's parenting styles (1971)? a) They considered the aspect of training in child rearing. b) They captured aspects of parenting from all cultures across the world. c) They were originally based on observations of a European American sample. They were based on three key dimensions—values, self-sufficiency, and survival instinct
c) They were originally based on observations of a European American sample.
According to Mead (1978), in _____, adults continue to socialize their children, but peers play a greater role in socializing each other. a) prefigurative cultures b) figurative cultures c) cofigurative cultures d) postfigurative cultures
c) configurative cultures
Super and Harkness's notion of a developmental niche was one of the frameworks to understand the concept of _____. a) behavioral inhibition b) attribution c) enculturation d) biological predisposition
c) enculturation
By observing parenting and child development across different cultures, Whiting and Whiting's Six Cultures Study showed how a child's behavior and personality is: a) affected by the child's microsystem but not the macrosystem. b) linked to the variations in the natural environment but not the cultural environment. c) intimately connected to characteristics of the broader ecology. d) least influenced by women's work roles as major food providers.
c) intimately connected to characteristics of the broader ecology.
According to Collins, Steinberg, Maccoby, Hetherington, & Bornstein (2000), parents are one of the most important _____. a) enculturation watchdogs b) psychological gatekeepers c) socialization agents d) manipulative guardians
c) socialization agents
According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory of human development, _____ is an example of a macrosystem. a) family b) school c) society d) peer group
c) society
According to Fuligni & Stevenson (1995), which of the following is true of children's exposure to their peer groups in different cultures? a) Both Japanese and Taiwanese teenagers spend more time per week with their peers outside of school compared with American teenagers. b) Both Taiwanese and American teenagers spend more time per week with their peers outside of school compared with Japanese teenagers. c) Japanese teenagers spend less time per week with their peers outside of school compared with Taiwanese teenagers. d) American teenagers spend more time per week with their peers outside of school compared with Japanese teenagers.
d) American teenagers spend more time per week with their peers outside of school compared with Japanese teenagers.
Which of the following is one of the three criteria to define bullying as outlined by Olweus (1993)? a) Cultural frame switching b) Hierarchical relatedness c) Temperamental disposition d) Intentional psychological harm
d) Intentional psychological harm
Which of the following is an accurate statement about contemporary theories of child development? a) They focus primarily on a developmental model that starts with the effects of genes, biology, and heredity on infant temperament. b) They suggest that culture unidirectionally provides the structure and environment for parents to affect their children in culturally appropriate ways. c) They assume a common understanding imposed by an outside culture, rather than attempting to discover cultural meanings held in common between parents and children. d) They suggest that children's active processing of information results in the reproduction of culture and the production of new elements of culture.
d) They suggest that children's active processing of information results in the reproduction of culture and the production of new elements of culture.
According to Tomasello, Kruger, & Ratner (1993), the unique ability of humans to engage in shared intentionality allows them to engage in _____, which is learning not only from others but also through others. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) social learning d) cultural learning
d) cultural learning
As identified by Baumrind (1971) in his three general patterns of parenting, _____ allow children to regulate their own lives and provide few firm guidelines. a) authoritarian parents b) authoritative parents c) uninvolved parents d) permissive parents
d) permissive parents
Which of the following is one of the five domains emphasized by Grusec & Davidov (2010) in their domain-specific approach to understanding parent-child socialization? a) Power b) Prestige c) Achievement d) Protection
d) protection
A major finding of Whiting and Whiting's Six Cultures Study was that the work roles of _____ contributed to children's social behaviors. a) peers b) teachers c) veterans d) women
d) women
Which of the following statements is true of multigenerational families? a) Multigenerational families include aunts, uncles, and cousins along with parents and children. b) Multigenerational families include cousins in addition to both parents and children. c) Multigenerational families tend to have the same composition across cultures. d) Multigenerational families include grandparents in addition to both parents and children.
d)Multigenerational families include grandparents in addition to both parents and children.
In the context of cross-cultural research, which of the following is true of parenting behaviors across various cultures? a) Parenting beliefs and practices tend to be congruent with developmental goals dictated by culture. b) In Western industrialized societies, it is considered disrespectful for children to speak without permission. c) Despite differences in the overall goals of development, each culture has the same understanding of the adult competencies needed for adequate functioning. d) Parents are the only socializing agents for children irrespective of the culture.
a) Parenting beliefs and practices tend to be congruent with developmental goals dictated by culture.
. LeVine (1977, 1997) theorized that the caregiving environment in a child's development reflects a set of goals. Which of the following is the first goal in the order of importance? a) Physical health and survival b) Promotion of behaviors c) Cultural values and morals d) Prestige and self-sufficiency
a) Physical health and survival
Each culture has an understanding of the adult competencies needed for adequate functioning, but these competencies differ by culture and environment. a) True b) False
a) True
In the context of expectation of competencies in children, despite similarities in the overall goals of development, cultures exhibit a tremendous degree of variability in its content. a) True b) False
a) True
Which of the following parenting styles was identified by Baumrind (1971)? a) Authoritarian b) Uninvolved c) Involved d) Submissive
a) authoritarian
According to Baumrind (1971), _____ expect unquestioned obedience and view the child as needing to be controlled. a) authoritarian parents b) authoritative parents c) permissive parents d) submissive parents
a) authoritarian parents
Parental cultural belief systems are also known as: a) parental ethnotheories. b) parental psychoanalysis. c) developmental parental constructs. d) dominative parental constructs.
a) parental ethnotheories.
According to Kagitcibasi (1996b), traditional parents in Turkey believe that their children "grow up" rather than are "brought up." a) True b) False
a) true
According to the study conducted by Smith and his colleagues, girls and boys defined bullying in very similar ways. a) True b) False
a) true
Which of the following generally refers to the products of the socialization process—the subjective, underlying, psychological aspects of culture that become internalized through development? a) Enculturation b) Adaptation c) Emancipation d) Extrication
a) Enculturation
Which of the following is a finding of Chao's (1996) cross-cultural study on maternal beliefs regarding school success between Chinese and European American mothers of preschoolers? a) European American mothers showed greater concern for building their children's social skills and self-esteem. b) Chinese mothers were concerned about burnout if they pushed their child to excel academically. c) Chinese mothers believed in a less directive approach in instruction. d) European American mothers believed in the importance of direct intervention approaches to their children's schooling.
a) European American mothers showed greater concern for building their children's social skills and self-esteem.
According to a study conducted by Harkness and Super (2006), which of the following statements about parental ethnotheories is accurate? a) American parents hold an ethnotheory about the importance of spending special time with their children. b) Dutch parents hold an ethnotheory about the importance of spending special time with their children. c) French parents hold an ethnotheory of spending family time with their children. d) American parents hold an ethnotheory of spending family time with their children.
a) American parents hold an ethnotheory about the importance of spending special time with their children
