Chapter 3

A cell containing a gene for blond hair and blue eyes as well as genes for brown hair and brown eyes goes through meiosis. What is the chance that each of these gametes will have a combination of brown hair and blue eyes?

There is the same chance as blond hair and brown eyes.

Why do microsatellites mark a key discovery in DNA research?

They are highly individualized repetitive stretches of DNA.

What role do Homeotic (Hox) genes play in embryonic development?

They are responsible for the development and location of key body parts.

Match the following bases to their competent base.

cytosine (C)--> guanine thymine (T)--> adenine

Match the process to the cells that are reciprocated.

somatic cells---> mitosis gametes---> meiosis

What determines human ABO blood types?

structural genes

What comprises a nucleotide?

sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

In mammals, the male parent's gametes determine the sex of his offspring because

the Y chromosome is present in males only.

True/False: Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from both the mother and the father.

False

Hox genes

function in similar ways across diverse groups of animals.

Which of the following types of cells in humans have fewer chromosomes than somatic cells do?

gametes

Gametes are ________ cells.

haploid

What type of cell is the product of meiosis?

haploid

What are blocks of genetic material that do not recombine and are passed on for generations called?

haplotypes

You come across a photograph of a man whose left arm is protruding from his left hip rather than from his shoulder. This was likely caused by a mutation in which of the following?

homeotic (Hox) genes

The nuclear DNA within any organism is the same in each and every cell, which means nuclear DNA is

homoplasmic.

A doctor finds that the mammary glands of a woman are not functioning due to a genetic abnormality that influences the structural design of the thoracic cavity. This is likely the result of a mutation:

in a Hox gene

mtDNA is found ________ and is ________.

in the cell's "powerhouse"; passed on from the mother to all her offspring

Mendel's second law states that the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of other traits and is known as the law of

independent assortment.

Cytoplasm

is a fluid that fills a cell, in which various organelles are suspended.

Haplotypes are a group of alleles that

is not likely to recombine during crossovers.

The number of different chromosomes in a plant or animal

is the same in every cell with a nucleus; it is homoplasmic.

What is the scientific name for the photograph below, which depicts a person's chromosomes?

karyotype

Which type of RNA makes a chemical copy of the gene needed for synthesis of a specific protein?

mRNA

Noncoding DNA

makes up most of the human genome and does not code for proteins.

During which process is the number of chromosomes reduced?

meiosis

Aside from the nucleus, where else can a small amount of DNA be found in a eukaryotic cell?

mitochondria

You and your roommate do a genetic analysis and learn that you share the same maternal ancestor 15,000 years ago in Europe. Which genetic material did you analyze to get this answer?

mtDNA

________ is inherited in a matriline while ________ is inherited in a patriline.

mtDNA; Y-chromosome DNA

Place the steps of mitosis in order.

-The DNA in the cell in wound into 46 chromosomes -The DNA in the cell is replicated. The parent cell has a full set (23 pairs) of chromosomes. -The cell divides and the DNA separates. One complement of DNA goes into each set. -Each new cell has a full set of DNA, with 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Place the steps of meiosis in order.

-The parent cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes. The cell's DNA is replicated. -The chromosomes form pairs and the pairs are separated and pulled to opposite sides as the cell divides. -A second cell division follows, without DNA replication. -Four haploid daughter cells result, each with 23 chromosomes, but no pairs.

Place the following steps of DNA replication in order.

-The strand of DNA unzips. -Each strand acts as a template. -DNA makes identical copies of itself -Two new daughter strands of DNA are formed

John and Jane are both heterozygous and have brown eyes. Blue eye alleles are recessive and brown eye alleles are dominant. What is the probability their child will have blue eyes?

25 percent

Prokaryotes first appeared

3.5 bya.

Choose the appropriate label to the corresponding picture of a cell below

A. eukaryotic cell B. prokaryotic cell

A woman with the B blood type has a child who has the AB blood type. Which of the following genotypes must the father have in order to have an AB child with a B woman?

AA

__________ proteins are responsible for physical characteristics. _____________ proteins control activities within and between cells and fight infections.

Blank 1: Structural Blank 2: Regulatory

In mammals, _________ have two X chromosomes, and ______ have one X and one Y chromosome.

Blank 1: females Blank 2: males

A ____ is a sequence of _____., and the complete set of these in an individual cell is called the _________.

Blank 1: gene Blank 2: DNA Blank 3: genome

After learning in biological anthropology class that a cleft chin is recessive and that dimples, a free-hanging earlobe, and tongue rolling are dominant, your friend tells you over dinner that she is certain she is adopted. What could have caused her to arrive at this conclusion?

Both of her parents have cleft chins but she does not.

Which of the following statements are correct about the functions of proteins in the body?

Correct Statement(s) About Protein Functions: -Some proteins are enzymes that unzip DNA during replication. -Some proteins are hormones that regulate metabolic activities throughout the whole body. -Some proteins are responsible for the function, repair, and growth of your hair. -Some proteins are enzymes that break down lactose in milk products so you can digest them. -Some proteins are responsible for how bone is shaped.

What was one of the reasons Miescher had difficulty publishing his findings on DNA?

His former mentor wanted to conduct the experiments himself

In what way is the presence of a recessive allele related to the phenotype?

It can be masked in the phenotype.

Which of the following is a characteristic of DNA?

It directs cellular function.

Which of the following is true regarding the amino acid phenylalanine?

It is involved in blood pressure and is found in foods such as dairy products and legumes.

Which of the following is true regarding karyotypes?

Karyotypes include all chromosomes, including autosomes and sex chromosomes.

Select the two people below who influenced Darwin the most.

Malthus Lyell

In his experiments with garden peas, Mendel found that one physical unit is inherited from the father and one from the mother. For what did this provide evidence?

Mendel's law of segregation

________ DNA is heteroplasmic, meaning it can differ among different parts of a person's body.

Mitochondrial

How is mitosis different from meiosis?

Mitosis results in identical copies of the parent cell.

What does genetic analysis of haplotypes and variants among living and precontact Native Americans indicate?

Native Americans living today appear to be as diverse genetically as their ancient ancestors thousands of years ago.

Choose the region where the genetic material is found in a prokaryotic cell.

Nucleoid Cluster

Choose the region where the majority of the DNA is found in a eukaryotic cell.

Nucleus

Which of the following are part of a nucleotide?

Part of a Nucleotide: -phosphate -sugar -nitrogen base

Choose the homozygous offspring in the image.

Pure red (RR) Pure white (rr)

How does RNA differ from DNA?

RNA uses uracil instead of thymine.

Match the two main steps involved in protein synthesis.

Step 1: transcription-The parental strand of DNA unzips, exposing two daughter strands of DNA -Free-floating RNA nucleotides match one exposed daughter strand of DNA -The strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm Step 2: translation-The mRNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm -Triplets of transfer RNA (tRNA), with exposed bases and each carrying an animo acid specific to its set of three bases, recognize and bind with complementary base pars of mRNA -The animo acids, linked by peptide bonds, form a chain called a polypeptide. -The protein forms, either a single polypeptide/as multiple polypeptides bound together

Which of the following statements is an accurate comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

The nucleoid region houses the genetic material of a prokaryotic cell, but the nucleus serves this function in a eukaryotic cell.

If the genetic code is transmitted from parents to offspring via two gametes, then which is true?

The offspring's genetic code contains one chromosome from each pair of homologous chromosomes in a parent's genome.

What can be concluded about adults who can digest milk?

They likely descended from populations involved in cattle domestication.

Which of the following can be concluded regarding those adults who can consume milk?

They likely descended from populations involved in cattle domestication.

Which of the following is a characteristic of somatic cells?

They only comprise a few specialized tissues in the body but contain a complete copy of all of an organism's DNA.

Why do the blood types of a person providing blood for a transfusion, and the person receiving the blood, have to be of a compatible ABO type?

This assures that antigens of one type of blood cell do not attract the notice of the antibodies in the recipient's blood stream.

A small molecule known as a methyl group can attach to DNA. Which of the following statements about this event is true?

This event, called methylation, usually stops or represses the expression of a gene.

True/False: In mammals, the male parent's gamete determines the sex of the offspring.

True

True/False: Research on epigenetics indicates that environmental factors can cause heritable, chemical changes in the genome without changing the DNA sequences.

True

True/False: The genes that control the development of the key structures of the body are the same among different species of related plants, animals, and fungi (e.g., flies, rats, birds, snakes, and humans).

True

Which are the following are true about eukaryotic organisms?

True About Eukaryotic Organisms: -Their cells have internal compartments separated by membranes. -They require enormous amounts of energy to survive and reproduce. -They evolved much later than prokaryotes.

Which of the following are true about prokaryotes?

True About Prokaryotes: -They are the first known form of life on Earth. -Their cells do not have internal compartments separated by membranes. -The many types of bacteria that we encounter in our daily lives are prokaryotes.

What is Marfan syndrome?

a pleiotropic effect involving a dominant disease affecting collagen growth, tentatively identified by medical historians as having affected President Abraham Lincoln

Which of the following are complementary bases in DNA?

adenine and thymine

The cell is the basic unit of life for

all organisms.

Which of the following is a regulatory or functional protein?

antibodies

Which of the following is made up of the somatic type of eukaryotic cells?

bone and muscle

How is the expression of polygenic traits determined?

by genes at multiple loci

Essential amino acids

cannot be synthesized in the body and must be supplied in the diet.

Homologous chromosomes

carry genetic information that influences the same traits.

What makes up a protein?

chains of amino acids

What are these structures called?

chromosomes

In his work on pea plants, Mendel found that plant height was inherited independently of the type or color of the seed coat. This finding

demonstrates the law of independent assortment.

Forensic science has become significantly more accurate with the recent

development of methods for DNA analysis

In the article Discovering DNA what did Miescher use to isolate the nuclei?

diluted hydrochloric acid

Most cells in the human body contain a nucleus,

each containing a full copy of the organism's DNA.

There are seven types of proteins. Three of them are structural, mechanical, and nutrient. What are the other four?

enzymes, gas transport, antibodies, and hormones

The study of personal genomics

falsifies the idea of placing individuals in biological "races."

Trisomy and monosomy are

nondisjunctions.

The endoplasmic reticulum

plays a key role in protein synthesis.

The gene responsible for lactose tolerance among adults in Europe is a ________ gene.

regulatory

Match the term to its definition.

the condition in which two alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are the same---> homozygous the condition in which two alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are different---> heterozygous

Match the term to its correct definition.

the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a cross-over event---> recombination the failure of the chromosomes to properly segregate during meiosis, creating some gametes with abnormal numbers of chromosomes---> nondisjunction rearrangement of chromosomes due to the insertion of genetic material from one chromosome to another---> translocation

What kind of evidence was key in testing Gordon Childe's replacement hypothesis for the spread of agriculture in Europe, and Cavalli-Sforza and Ammerman's alternative "demic diffusion" model?

the extraction of DNA from ancient human bones

A translocation is

the rare event of nonhomologous chromosomes exchanging DNA segments during meiosis.

An anticodon is a sequence of ________ nitrogen bases carried by tRNA during protein synthesis.

three

What are adaptive traits?

traits that show how people adapted to varying environments and diets during human evolution

In protein synthesis, ________ refers to "unzipping" the DNA, and ________ refers to the formation of polypeptide chains.

transcription; translation

After DNA replication, how many double-stranded DNA molecules exist?

two

DNA replication produces

two identical copies of itself.

In RNA, ________ replaces thymine as a nucleotide base.

uracil

Which of the following is a responsibility of structural proteins found in the human body?

whether your hair is straight or curly