Chapter 3

Fundamentally, the principle of good figure emphasizes ___ in perception. a. simplicity b. complexity c. semantic elements d. physical stimuli

a

Andrew is helping a friend move and slams his hand between the door frame and a large couch. He continues his labors without seeming to notice it until someone points out that his hand is dripping blood on the newly-cleaned carpet. Suddenly his hand hurts quite a bit. This is most accurately described as reflecting the effects of _____ on pain perception. a. culture b. attention c. placebo d. gender

b

Humans are better at identifying ambiguous stimuli such as blurred photos because humans _____. a. rarely become distracted by extraneous factors b. can resolve ambiguities by top-down processing c. rely almost exclusively on bottom-up processing d. make identifications in a strict, hierarchical fashion

b

Perception is to memory as ___. a. recent is to past b. create is to retrieve c. accurate is to faulty d. constructed is to restructured

b

oblique effect

finding that vertical and horizontal orientations can be perceived more easily than other orientations

direct pathway model

form of pain perception proposing that signals are sent straight from receptors to the brain

theory of natural selection

idea that characteristics that enhance an animal's ability to survive and reproduce will be passed on

Bayesian inference

idea that estimation of the probability of an outcome is determined by prior probability and likelihood

principle of simplicity

idea that every stimulus pattern is seen such that the resulting structure is uncomplicated

principle of good continuation

idea that points, that when connected result in straight or curving lines, seem to belong together

apparent movement

illusion of motion perception when stimuli in different locations are flashed one after another

likelihood

in Bayesian inference, the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome

where pathway/action pathway

neural tract extending from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe

what pathway/perception pathway

neural tract extending from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe

likelihood principle

perception of the object that is expected to have caused the patters of stimuli received

prior

person's initial belief about the probability of an outcome

scene schema

person's knowledge about what is likely to be contained in a particular setting

placebo

pill or procedure that patients believe delivers active ingredients but contains no active ingredient

speech segmentation

process of perceiving individual words within the continuous flow of the language signal

top-down processing

sequence of events that involves a person's knowledge or expectations

bottom-up processing

sequence of events that starts with information received by the receptors

inverse projection problem

task of determining the object that caused a particular image on the retina

landmark discrimination problem

task of remembering an object's location and choosing that location after a delay

object discrimination problem

task of remembering something based on shape and choosing it when presented with another item

If you spot a jumbled up piece of rope in a park, you will likely perceive it as a single strand due to ___. a. the principle of good continuation b. the law of pragnanz c. apparent movement d. structuralism

a

Perception pathway is to action pathway as ___. a. what is to where b. where is to what c. how is to why d. why is to how

a

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina is called the _____ problem. a. inverse projection b. figure-ground segregation c. perceptual constancy d. viewpoint invariance

a

experience-dependent plasticity

ability of the brain to develop in response to stimuli to more efficiently perceive environment

The ambiguous stimulus issue refers to the observation that _____. a. people have difficulty identifying degraded or blurred photos of famous people b. a particular image on the retina can often be produced by different objects in the environment c. small changes in lighting, color, size, or orientation often go unnoticed by viewers d. most people are unable to produce precise descriptions of even very familiar objects

b

For eons, people have created images in the night sky by connecting the stars into constellations illustrating various animals like bears, dogs, or eagles as well as various deities or heroes. The tendency to connect together points that, when joined, result in straight or smoothly curving lines, and perceive the points as belonging together, is known as the principle of _____. a. figure-ground segregation b. similarity c. good continuation d. simplicity

c

If you were a researcher who has just performed brain ablation, we should probably assume ___. a. nothing at all b. that you are studying patients with intractable epilepsy c. that you have removed part of an animal's brain d. that you are examining how brain damage in humans impact perception

c

It is just about time for Paxton to receive the weekly call from his mother that has occurred for nearly two years, so when he answers the phone and hears a female voice, he says, "It's the best mom in the world calling me." As it happens, it is the TA from his cognitive psychology class who is returning a call from him. He swears up and down that she really does sound just like his mother. Paxton has fallen prey to Helmholtz's _____. a. principle of continuity b. law of pragnanz c. likelihood principle d. assumption of regularity

c

Jen is fluent in English and German and when she listens to a speaker using either of those two languages, she is able to identify distinct words. However, she has only recently begun learning Pashto and when she listens to a speaker, she finds it difficult to identify any words, even simple words she recognizes in isolation. Jen is best described as experiencing issues with _____. a. bottom-up processing b. discontinuity adjustment c. speech segmentation d. aural invariance

c

Natural selection operates on principles of ___ which underscore the need for ___. a. learning; reproduction b. learning; physical strength and beauty c. evolution; reproduction d. evolution; physical strength and beauty

c

physical regularity

commonly occurring property of the environment

perception

conscious experience that results from stimulation of the senses

All of the following are examples of physical regularities in the environment EXCEPT ___. a. landscapes are often green b. light comes from above c. we perceive horizontals and verticals more easily in the environment d. imagining a changing room in a department store

d

Consider the following listing of shapes: Instead of concluding that there are 15 shapes in total pictured (which is accurate), you are more likely to initially conclude that there are three rows of different shapes due to ___. a. the oblique effect b. the principle of good continuation c. the principle of simplicity d. the principle of similarity

d

Given that Betty is fluent in Spanish, she can tell when one word ends and the next one begins. This illustrates ___. a. unconscious inference b. the direct pathway model c. the likelihood principle d. speech segmentation

d

People can typically identify a chair whether they are viewing it from behind, in front or the side. This is referred to as _____. a. visual invariance b. viewpoint integration c. visual integration d. viewpoint invariance

d

Testing principles of Bayesian inference necessarily must involve ___. a. theoretical interpretion b. logical reasoning c. biological analyses d. mathematical procedures

d

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to be part of a scene schema for a college classroom? a. a computer b. a lectern c. a table d. a jukebox

d

With which task would you expect a computer vision system to have the most difficulty? a. stopping when it gets to a wall b. turning onto a perpendicular street c. distinguishing between a dog and a cat d. identifying a person viewed at an angle

d

placebo effect

decrease in pain from a procedure or substance that delivers no active ingredient

Ungerleider and Mishkin surgically ablated the _____ of monkeys and found that the monkeys had a great deal of difficulty performing a discrimination task. a. FFA b. parietal lobe c. temporal lobe d. PPA

c

In monkeys, the "what", or perception, pathway extends from the occipital lobe to the _____ lobe and the "where", or action, pathway extends from the occipital lobe to the _____ lobe. a. temporal; parietal b. temporal; frontal c. frontal; parietal d. parietal; temporal

a

In the object discrimination problem, a monkey would receive ___ if it ___. a. food; pushed aside the target b. a shock; pushed aside the target c. food; removed the food well cover closer to the tall cylinder d. a shock; removed the food well cover closer to the tall cylinder

a

Kittens who are raised in an artificial environment in which they are only exposed to vertical lines subsequently have neurons that respond to vertical lines and none that respond to horizontal lines. This is most consistent with _____. a. experience-dependent plasticity b. Bayesian inference c. natural selection d. Gestalt principles of organization

a

The fact that you can recognize your glasses as such from different angles specifically illustrates ___. a. viewpoint invariance b. the inverse projection problem c. unconscious inferences d. the direct pathway model

a

viewpoint invariance

ability to recognize an object seen from different outlooks

Wendy hears someone call her name and turns towards the sound. Wendy has just used, in order, her _____ and _____ auditory pathways. a. who; what b. what; where c. where; what d. what; who

b

What is the most significant difference, if any, between "Greeble novices" and "Greeble experts?" a. There are no significant differences between these groups. b. These experts show greater fusiform face area activation than the novices. c. These experts show more sophisticated categorical organization than the novices. d. These experts are more likely to show brain dysfunction than the novices.

b

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the effects caused by apparent movement? a. one image flashes on and off b. our perceptual system clearly denotes darkness c. there is a period of darkness lasting a fraction of a second d. there is a second image that flashes on and off

b

Gauthier demonstrated experience-dependent plasticity in humans by training them to become experts in recognizing "Greebles," families of computer generated creatures that have the same general structures but differ in specific features, and using fMRI to measure activity in the subjects' _____. a. DTI b. PPA c. FFA d. PHG

c

Research aimed at developing accurate computer vision systems has _____. a. been highly successful because computer systems humans share similar accuracy levels across a wide range of tasks b. enjoyed considerable success, with computers performing with about 80% of the accuracy of the average human c. yielded mixed results with some areas of success, although computers make errors that humans would not make d. been an almost total failure outside of the lab and also largely unsuccessful in highly controlled laboratory settings

c

The natural environment contains many horizontal and vertical lines, and research has demonstrated that animals have more neurons that respond to stimuli with horizontal or vertical orientations than neurons that respond to other orientations. To the extent that having more neurons that respond to horizontal or vertical orientations conveys a survival advantage and makes reproduction more likely, it is consistent with _____. a. experience-dependent plasticity b. Bayesian inference c. natural selection d. Gestalt principles of organization

c

Which statement about perception is the most accurate? a. Perception is insensitive to cognitive processing. b. Perception occurs at the level of sensory receptors. c. Perceptions can change when new information is provided. d. Perception is an internal experience and cannot be studied scientifically.

c

semantic regularity

characteristic associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes

Miki has a terrible stress-related headache, one of the worst she has ever had. While taking a break from working on a tough term paper, Miki googles her symptoms (e.g., sick to her stomach, dizzy, headache) and finds mention after mention of brain tumors. In fact, nearly three out of four of the hits are about brain tumors, although the majority of the others are stress-related headaches. Suddenly, Miki wonders whether she has a brain tumor. This is most consistent with _____. a. bottom-up processing b. Gestalt principles of organization c. environmental regularities d. Bayesian inference

d

unconscious inference

idea that some of our perceptions result from unmindful assumptions we make about the environment

principle of similarity

idea that things that resemble each other appear to be grouped together