Chapter 3, Research CH2 quantitative and qualitative research

Phases in a Quantitative Study (C-DEAD) 5 phases(18steps)

Phase 1: Conceptual Phase Phase 2: Design and Planning Phase Phase 3: Empirical Phase Phase 4: Analytic Phase Phase 5: Dissemination Phase

Variables are almost exclusively used in_______

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

- Have patterns of association (describing relationship between 2 different variables) - Inductive reasoning (draw a causal relationship between the premise and a hypothesis Is this Qualitative or quantitative?

Qualitative

Phenomena, concepts Narrative descriptions (data) Is this Qualitative or quantitative?

Qualitative

Study participant, informant, narrator Is this Qualitative or quantitative?

Qualitative

experimental research

Researchers actively introduce an intervention or treatment most often to address therapy questions. Called clinical trials in medical research

Nonexperimental research

Researchers collect data without intervening or introducing treatments. Called observational studies in medical research

concepts

abstractions of particular aspects of human behavior or characteristics (e.g., pain, weight)

Analytic Phase which stage of quantitative study

analyze data and interpret results 4

operational

the operations (measurements) a researcher must perform to measure the concept and collect the desired information

Data (singular = datum):

the pieces of information researchers collect in a study

independent variable

the presumed cause (of a dependent variable)

dependent variable(outcome variable or outcome)

the presumed effect (of an independent variable)

conceptual

the abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept being studied

communicating the findings and putting evidence into practice, research utilization which stage of quantitative study

the dissemination phase 5

cause-and-effect research

(causal) relationship (e.g., cigarette smoking and lung cancer)

associative research purpose

(functional) relationship (e.g., gender and life expectancy)

Quantitative researchers usually collect _________data whereas qualitative researchers collect_________data.

1.numerical 2.narrative

variable

A characteristic or quality that takes on different values, that is, that varies from one person to the next Examples Blood type Weight Length of stay in hospital

What is an example of a question that researchers ask when using phenomenology during qualitative research? A.What is the meaning of the phenomenon experienced by the people? B.What are the psychological phases that characterize a particular event? C.What are the patterns and lifeways of a defined cultural group? D.What is the core variable that explains what is happening in the social scene?

A.What is the meaning of the phenomenon experienced by the people? Rationale: The phenomenological researcher asks the questions What is the essence of this phenomenon as experienced by these people? or What is the meaning of the phenomenon to those who experience it?

A nurse researcher is conducting a quantitative study to determine protocols for triaging patients in the emergency department. Which term is generally associated with this type of research? A.Phenomena B.Subject C.Pattern of association D.Inductive reasoning

B.Subject Rationale. The person contributing information in a quantitative study is called the subject. In the qualitative study, this person is called the study participant, informant, or key informant. That which is investigated is called a concept in quantitative studies and concept or phenomena in qualitative studies. Pattern of association and inductive reasoning are qualitative terms. Relationships and deductive reasoning are quantitative terms.

Which action would be performed first when designing and planning a quantitative study? Developing intervention protocols Identifying the population Designing the sampling plan Formulating a research design

D.Formulating a research design Rationale: The first step in designing and planning a quantitative study is formulating a research design. This is followed by developing intervention protocols, identifying the population, and designing the sampling plan

Tell whether the following statement is True or False. Researchers involved in quantitative research commonly engage in fieldwork. True False

False Rationale: Researchers engage in fieldwork when performing qualitative studies.

Selecting a research design Developing intervention protocols Identifying the population Designing the sampling plan Specifying methods to measure variables and collect data Developing methods to protect human/animal rights Finalizing the research plan which stage is this in quantitative study?

The design and planning phase 2

-collecting data -preparing data for analysis Are part of which quantitative study stage?

The empirical phase 3

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

literature review

a scholarly research step that entails identifying and studying all existing studies on a topic to create a basis for new research. qualitative research

- Formulating/delimiting the problem - Reviewing related literature - Undertaking clinical fieldwork - Defining the framework and developing conceptual definitions - Formulating hypotheses which stage is this in quantitative study

conceptual phase 1

Things being investigated in Quantitative research

contsructs concepts variables

smoking leads (Iv) to lung cancer is a ____ variable

dependent

What type of research is to focus on patterns and life-ways of a cultural group

ethnographic

What type of research is to seek understanding of key social psychological processes

grounded theory research

What effects does exercise have on the heart rate?what is the dependent variable

heart rate. the independent would be the exercise versus something else (no exercise) is a variable.

theories

knit concepts into a coherent system that purports to explain phenomena

These type of studies tend to yield more diverse group of study participants, potentially enhancing the generalizability of findings.

multisite studies

What is the best description of a dependent variable? Outcome being measured A person's gender Presumed cause Measurements performed

outcome being measured

Sample

part of a population from which data is gathered

Things being investigated in Qualitative research

phenomena concepts

What type of research on lived experiences with humans

phenomenological research

- Concepts, variables - deductive reasoning (reasoning +evidence=conclusion) These are what type: Qualitative or quantitative?

quantitative

Cause and effect, associative relationships. Is this: Qualitative or quantitative?

quantitative

Subject or is a study participant data (numerical values) Is it Qualitative or quantitative?

quantitative

person undertaking the study in quantitative or qualitative research

researcher investigator

constructs

slightly more complex abstractions (e.g., self-care) For example, self-care in Orem's model of health maintenance is a construct.

person contributing information in qualitative research

study participant informant key informant