Chapter 3: Skeletal System

1) Where is the hard palate located? 2) Which teeth are located near it? 3) What bone borders it?

1) At the anterior portion of the skull's inferior aspect 2) The maxillary teeth 3) Bordered by the alveolar process of the maxilla with its maxillary teeth

Name six types of bony openings and describe each one.

1) Foramen/foramina 2) Canal 3) Meatus 4) Fissue 5) Ostium/ostia 6) Aperture

Name four types of bony depressions and state which one is generally considered deeper (include their plural forms).

1) Incisura or notch 2) Sulcus/sulci 3) Fossa/fossae 4) Plate Fossa are generally deeper depression(s) or concavity on a bony surface.

1) What sutures are located on the hard palate? 2) The articulation is shown between what bones?

1) Median palatine suture and transverse palatine suture 2) Median palatine suture is b/w two palatine processes of the maxillae anteriorly and two horizontal plates of the palatine bones posteriorly. The transverse palatine suture is between the two palatine processes of the maxillae and the two horizontal plates of the palatine bones.

1) What is the term for the groove beneath each nasal conchae? 2) What is the function of their openings?

1) Nasal meatus 2) Each has openings through which the paranasal sinuses or nasolacrimal duct communicates w/ the nasal cavity

Name the cranial bones.

1) Occipital 2) Frontal 3) Parietal 4) Temporal 5) Sphenoid 6) Ethmoid

1) What is the term for the round opening in the orbital apex? 2) What passes through it?

1) Optic canal 2) Optic nerve

1) What is located on the posterior border of the hard palate? 2) What bones form these structures?

1) Posterior nasal apertures 2) Vomer, palatine bone, and sphenoid bone

1) What small canal is located on the superior border of each of the structures that are located on the posterior border of the palate? 2) What do they open into? 3) Also, what passes through the canal?

1) Pterygoid canal 2) Pterygopalatine fossa 3) Pterygoid nerve and blood vessels

1) What are the processes and 2) plates of the sphenoid bone?

1) Pterygoid process 2) Medial pterygoid plate and lateral pterygoid plate

What are the three projecting structures that create the lateral walls of the nasal cavity? Which extend inward from the maxilla?

1) Superior nasal conchae 2) Middle nasal conchae 3) Inferior nasal conchae - Superior and middle are from ethmoid bone - Inferior nasal conchae is a separate thick bone articulating with the maxilla

What two general terms can be used to describe a rounded elevation on the bony surface?

1) Tubercle 2) Eminence (ex: Genial tubercles of mandible and frontal eminence)

1) What is the term for the cheek bone area? 2) What suture is located on it? 3) Which bones make up this area?

1) Zygomatic arch 2) Temporozygomatic suture 3) Zygomatic process of temporal bone and temporal process of zygomatic bone

Name the facial bones of the skull.

1. Inferior Nasal Conchae (paired) 2. Lacrimal Bones (Paired) 3. Mandible (Single) 4. Maxillae (paired) 5. Vomer (single) 6. Zygomatic Bones (paired)

How many bones make up the skull of the patient (not counting the small bones of the middle ear)?

22 not including the 6 auditory ossicles of the middle ear

Why must a dental professional know the normal anatomy of the head and neck bones?

A dental professional must know the normal anatomy of the head and neck because a dental professional performs services that detect, prevent, and treat disease. It is important for them to know what they are looking at and how those systems look and work in order to provide a patient with the treatment needed.

Perforation

Abnormal hole in a hollow organ such as in the wall of a sinus

Spine

Abrupt small prominence of a bone that may be a blunt or sharply pointed projection is a spine

What is the large, irregularly shaped, cartilage-filled opening on the external surface of the skull?

Also on the external surface of the skull is the large foramen lacerum.

What landmark on the temporal bone is anterior to the articulation portion of the temporomandibular joint? Which one is posterior?

Anterior: articular eminence Posterior: postglenoid process

What is another general term used for an opening or orifice in bone?

Aperture (ex: Piriform aperture)

What is the general term for a bone that is shaped like a bridge, with a bowlike outline?

Arch (ex: Zygomatic arch)

Articulation

Area where the bones are joined to each other

What is the landmark on the inferior portion of the temporal bone that is part of the articulation of the temporomandibular joint?

Articular fossa

What is the area of the skeleton where bones are joined to each other?

Articulation

What is the term for a longer, narrow, tubelike opening in the bone?

Canal (ex: Hypoglossal canal)

What is the general term for a relatively large convex bone prominence that is usually involved in joints?

Condyle

Skeletal system

Consists of bones, associated cartilage, and joints

What is the general term for a hornlike prominence on a bone?

Cornu (ex: Greater Cornu and Lesser Cornu of hyoid bone)

What is a general term for a prominent, often roughened border or ridge on a bone?

Crest (ex: Infratemporal crest)

What is the general term for a prominence above or on a condyle?

Epicondyle

State where the cribriform plate is located, as well as what passes through it.

Ethmoid bone, passes through olfactory nerves

What is the term for a narrow, cleft-like opening in the bone?

Fissure (ex: Superior orbital fissure and inferior orbital fissure)

Plate

Flat structure of a bone (not a prominence nor depression)

What is the term for a short, window-like opening in the bone?

Foramen (ex: Mental foramen)

What is the largest opening on the inferior view of the skull? In what bone is it located? What passes through it?

Foramen magnum, occipital bone - spinal cord, vertebral arteries (11th cranial nerve)

What is the larger anterior oval opening on the sphenoid bone? What passes through it?

Foramen ovale

What is the smaller and more posterior opening on the sphenoid bone? What passes through it? Also, what spine is located nearby?

Foramen spinosum

What bones are at the junction formed by the nasion?

Frontal and nasal bones

What bone forms the forehead and the superior portion of the orbits? Also, with what bones does it articulate?

Frontal bone, articulates with the parietal bones, sphenoid bone, lacrimal bones, nasal bones, ethmoid bone, zygomatic bones, and the maxillae

Process

General term for any prominence on bony surface

Fossa/fossae

Generally deeper depressions on a bony surface

Suture

Generally immovable articulation joining bones by fibrous tissue

What is the term for the curved process on the inferior portion of the medial plate of the sphenoid bone?

Hamulus

What is the general term for a rounded surface projecting from a bone located by a neck?

Head (ex: Head of the articulating surface of the condyle)

What are the paired openings in the skull that are anterior and lateral to foramen magnum on the occipital bones? What passes through them?

Hypoglossal canals, passes through 12 cranial or hypoglossal nerve

What is a general term for an indentation at the edge of the bone?

Incisura or notch (ex: Coronoid notch)

Notch

Indentation at edge of bone

Incisura

Indentation or notch at the edge of the bone

Where is the internal acoustic meatus located? What passes through it?

Inferior portion of Temporal Bone, Facial Nerve (VII) & Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)

Primary sinusitis

Inflammation of sinus

Secondary sinusitis

Inflammation of the sinus related to another source

What is the more posterior opening in the petrous portion of the temporal bone? What passes through it? Also, what pointed bony projection is nearby?

Is this internal acoustic meatus? Or styloid foramen?

When palpated, what bony demarcation causes patient discomfort and is located on the medial portion of the curved elevations superior to the orbit? Also, what passes through them?

It is the supraorbital notch, the supraorbital artery and nerves travel from the orbit to the forehead.

What is the part of the occipital bone that forms the medial portion of the jugular foramen? With what bone does it articulate?

Jugular notch of the occipital bone, articulates with the temporal bone

What depression is located just inside the lateral portion of the supraorbital ridge? In life, what did it contain? Also, what did it produce?

Lacrimal fossa, contains lacrimal glands that produce tears

What is the general term for a small, straight ridge on bone?

Line (ex: Superior temporal line and inferior temporal line)

What bony demarcation on the large, roughened projection of the temporal bone posterior to the external acoustic meatus is medial? What bony demarcation is inferior and medial?

Mastoid notch

What large, roughened projection of the temporal bone is posterior to the external acoustic meatus? Of what is it composed? Also, for what purposes does it serve?

Mastoid process: composed of mastoid air cells that communicate with middle ear activity and serve as a site for sternocleidomastoid attachment

What bones makes up the lateral boundaries of the nasal cavity?

Maxillae

What is the vertical partition of the nasal cavity and what bones form its anterior and posterior portions?

Nasal septum Anteriorly, the nasal septum is formed by both the nasal septal cartilage inferiorly and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone superiorly. Posteriorly, the nasal septum is formed by the vomer.

State where the hypoglossal canal is located, as well as what passes through it.

Occipital bone, passes through 12th cranial or hypoglossal nerve and vessels

What are the curved and smooth paired projections on the occipital bone that are lateral and anterior to the foramen magnum? Also, with what do they articulate?

Occipital condyles, articulates with the atlas

Name the location of the frontal sinuses.

On the Frontal Bone. It is Superiomedially to the Superciliary Arch.

Canal

Opening in bone that is long, narrow, and tubelike

Fissue

Opening in bone that is narrow and cleftlike

Aperture

Opening or orifice in bone

What bones form the bridge of the nose?

Paired nasal bones

What bones are paired and articulate with each other at the sagittal suture? Also, with what other bones do they articulate?

Parietal bones, articulate with each other and the occipital, front, temporal, and sphenoid bones

What bony demarcation is located posterior to the articulation portion of the temporal bone through which the chorda tympani nerve emerges?

Pertrotympanic fissure

What is the four-sided plate on the occipital bone that is anterior to the foramen magnum? What is its midline projection?

Pharyngeal tubercule

What is the anterior opening of the nasal cavity?

Piriform aperture

What is the general term for an area of bone that consists of a flat, bony structure?

Plate (ex. Cribriform plate)

What is the general term for any type of bony prominence?

Process (ex. Alveolar process of the maxillae)

Arch

Prominent bridge bow-like bony structure

What fossa is located between the plates of the sphenoid bone?

Pterygoid fossa

Sulcus/sulci

Shallow depression(s) or groove(s) on a bony surface that usually marks the course of blood vessels or nerves

Foramen/foramina

Short, windowlike opening in bone

Is the occipital bone paired or single? With what bones does it articulate?

Single. Articulates with Temporal and Parietal Bones of the Skull.

Joint

Site of junction or union b/w 2 or more bones

Cornu

Small hornlike prominence

Epicondyle

Small prominence that is located above or on a condyle

Line

Small straight ridge of a bone

What is a general term for an abrupt prominence on bone that may be blunt or sharply pointed?

Spine (ex: spine of the sphenoid bone)

What is the opening on the temporal bone that carries the facial nerve? Why is it named as such?

Styloidmastoid foramen, named for its location between the styloid process and the mastoid process

What is a shallow depression or groove on bone that usually marks the course of a blood vessel?

Sulcus (ex: Infraorbital sulcus)

What are the curved elevations over the superior portion of the orbit? On what bone are they located? Also, at what age and gender are they more prominent?

Supraorbital ridges, more prominent in adult males

What is the term for a union of bones joined by fibrous tissue?

Suture

The temporomandibular joint is an articulation between what?

Temporal bone and the mandible

What bones and their specific portions form the zygomatic arch of the face?

Temporal bone forms the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

What bones form the lateral walls of the skull? With what bones do they articulate? Also, of what three portions are they composed?

Temporal bones, articulates with 1 zygomatic and 1 parietal bone

How are the bones of the skull divided?

The bones of the skull or braincase can be divided into the cranium, which contains the brain with its cranial bones (neurocranium) and the face with its facial bones (viscerocranium).

What landmark is located between the curved elevations superior to the orbits? What does it correspond to on the surface features of an adult and child?

The glabella, which is flat in children and adult females, forms a rounded prominence in adult males.

Describe the inferior orbital fissure and its location, as well as what travels through it.

The inferior orbital fissure connects the orbit with both the infratemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa. Both the infraorbital and zygomatic nerves and the infraorbital artery enter the orbit through this fissure. The inferior ophthalmic vein also travels through this fissure to join the pterygoid plexus of veins.

Describe the superior orbital fissure and its location, as well as what passes through it.

The superior orbital fissure is lateral to the optic canal and is curved and slit like. It sits between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone. Similar to the optic canal, the superior orbital fissure connects the orbit with the cranial cavity. The third cranial (oculomotor nerve), the fourth cranial (trochlear nerve), the sixth cranial (abducens nerve), and the ophthalmic nerve (division from the fifth or trigeminal nerve) and vein travel through this fissure.

Eminence

Tubercle or rounded elevation on a bony surface

What is the general term for a large, often rough prominence on bone that usually serves as an attachment for muscles or tendons?

Tuberosity (ex: Maxillary tuberosity)

Meatus

Type of canal in a bone

What projection is located on the frontal bone that is lateral to the orbit?

Zygomatic process of the frontal bone

What single cranial bone is both midline and complex and contains the superior orbital fissure, foramen ovale, foramen rotundum, and the foramen spinosum?

sphenoid

What opening is medial to the styloid process and is easier to see if you tilt the skull to one side? Also, what passes through it?

Jugular foramen, jugular internal jugular vein, 3 cranial nerves (9th, 10th, 11th)

Tuberosity

Large, often rough, prominence on bony surface

Explain the relationship between the sphenoid bone processes.

Lesser wing forms the base of the orbital apex and the greater wing, pterygoid process is an area of attachment for some of the muscles for attachment

Which bone opening is a type of canal?

Meatus

Bones

Mineralized structures of the body that protect internal soft tissues and serve as the biomechanical basis for movement

Which bone opening is small and also serves as an entrance into a hollow organ or canal?

Ostium (ex: Ostium of the maxillary sinus)

Condyle

Oval bony prominence typically located

Crest

Roughened border or ridge on the bone surface

Head

Rounded surface projecting from a bone by a neck

Ostium/Ostia

Smaller opening(s) in a bone

State where the foramen rotundum is located, as well as what passes through it.

Sphenoid bone, passes through the maxillary nerve of 5th cranial or trigeminal nerve

Discuss the temporal lines and where they are located.

The temporal lines are on the lateral surface of the skull, crossing both the frontal bone and each parietal bone.

Discuss the fossae of the skull and where they are located.

- The temporal fossa, which is on the lateral surface of the skull, is formed by several bones of the skull and contains the body of the temporalis muscle. - Inferior to the temporal fossa is the infratemporal fossa. - Deep to the infratemporal fossa and harder to see is the pterygopalatine fossa.

Name the specific portion of the bone where the sphenoid sinuses are located.

Body of the sphenoid

Tubercle

Eminence or small rounded elevation on bony surface